   |
|
REVIEW ARTICLE |
|
| Year : 2016 | Volume
: 61
| Issue : 3 | Page : 279-287 |
|
| Moisturizers: The slippery road |
|
|
Anisha Sethi1, Tejinder Kaur2, SK Malhotra2, ML Gambhir2
1 Department of Skin and S.T.D, DMCH, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
2 Department of Skin and S.T.D, GMC, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| Date of Web Publication | 13-May-2016 |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Anisha Sethi
C/O Sh. AK Sethi, Thakur Singh Street, Inside Delhi Gate, Ferozepur City - 152 002, Punjab
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.182427
|
|
 Abstract | | |
Moisturizers are an important part of a dermatologist's armamentarium although little is written and well, a less is truly known about them. There is a cornucopia of projected skin products in the market whose real scientific role is not proven. These products although at times are regarded as mere cosmetics but have a well-known role in many skin disorders. Adequate knowledge about their mechanism of action, dosage, usage, and adverse effects is must for a dermatologist in this era. This article aims to bring forth the ever hidden facts of the much-hyped moisturizers. It is probably the first of its kind covering all aspects of moisturizers ranging from basic science to clinical usage, a subject that receives a short shrift in the current dermatological text.
Keywords: Emollients, humectants, moisturizers role in dermatology
How to cite this article:
Sethi A, Kaur T, Malhotra S K, Gambhir M L. Moisturizers: The slippery road. Indian J Dermatol 2016;61:279-87 |
What was known?
- Moisturizers are perhaps the most used therapeutic agents by dermatologists and nondermatologists alike
- They come in varied forms and mostly are neglected in academic discussions.
| Introduction | |  |
There has been a recent migration in humankind's way of thinking toward a desire for holistic products, especially pertaining to skin care. Moisturizers are perhaps the most prescribed products in dermatology practice and also the most intriguing one. The incidence of dryness related dermatoses are on the increase courtesy urbanization, adulteration, pollution, increased life span, and abandonment of traditional oil massages and baths. The majority of the human population applies many moisturizers throughout their lifetime; it thus behooves a dermatologist to have a comprehensive knowledge of the same. The term “moisturizer” is a marketing term with little or no scientific meaning. Consumers regard them to increase the water content of the skin while dermatologists consider them as bland oleaginous substances.[1] Dryness is not a single entity but is characterized by differences in chemistry and morphology in the epidermis depending on the internal and external stressors.[2]
| History | | |
Curiously, there is no consensus regarding the definition of a moisturizer. The term itself is a neologism coined by the Madison Avenue marketers, promoting the facile idea that they moisten the skin.[3] The desire to apply oily materials to the skin is almost instinctive and may be as old as humankind itself.[2] Traditionally, moisturizers were believed to inhibit the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) by occlusion. Stratum corneum (SC) although a dead layer acts as an active membrane as suggested by the bricks and mortar model. It is the loss of intercellular lipids, i.e., the ceramides, cholesterol, and fatty acids that form the bilayers, damaging the water barrier formation thus leading to dry skin.[3] Dry skin is noted when the moisture content is <10%, and there is a loss of continuity of the SC.[4]
| Classification | | |
There are four main types of moisturizers depending on their mechanism of action as shown in [Table 1].[2],[3],[4],[5]
Emollients
They are mainly lipids and oils, which hydrate and improve the skin softness, flexibility, and smoothness. The skin slip or lubricity contributes to consumer satisfaction.[6] Intracellular lipids comprising multilamellar, which are located between SC play a major role in skin architecture. In SC, ceramides are the major lipid constituents and along with neutral lipids, they form broad laminated intercellular sheets, which act as barriers to our environment.[7] Natural ceramides or the synthetic ones are too expensive. Hence, several pseudo-ceramides are useful as emollients.[3] Lipophilic compounds such as cholesterol and ceramides are being used in topical skin creams. They get easily incorporated into liposomes and make the skin texture softer and smoother. Nanoencapsulated triceramides are also being used for increasing the hydration of the skin.[8] Long chain saturated fatty acids, for example, stearic, linoleic, oleic, and lauric acid and fatty alcohols are essential fatty acids that are found naturally in palm oil, coconut oil, and wool fat. They influence skin physiology and pathology via their effects on skin barrier functions, eicosanoid production, membrane fluidity, and cell signaling.[2] Canola oil in specific is known to reduce sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) irritation.[4]
Squalene as moisturizer
Squalene is one of the most common lipids produced by human skin cells and is a component of human sebum.[9] It is an isoprenoid compound and acts as an intermediate metabolite in the synthesis of cholesterol. In humans, about 60% of dietary squalene is absorbed. It is transported in serum generally in association with very low-density lipoproteins and is distributed ubiquitously in human tissues, with the greatest concentration in the skin. Although squalane is produced naturally by the body, the production of this chemical slows drastically after age thirty, thus contributing to dry skin. It can be derived from both plant and animal sources. It acts as a quencher of singlet oxygen, protecting human skin surface from lipid peroxidation due to exposure to ultraviolet (UV), and other sources of ionizing radiation. Squalane is a saturated form of squalene in which the double bonds have been eliminated by hydrogenation. Squalane is less susceptible to oxidation than squalene. Squalane is thus more commonly used as a moisturizer.[10]
An added boon of squalane is that even though it is technically oil, it does not have an oily feel, is odorless, noncomedonal, antibacterial, and is safe for sensitive skin.[11] Besides its emollient action, it is also used in treating skin disorders such as seborrheic dermatitis, acne, psoriasis, or atopic dermatitis.[12] Various types of emollients are as shown in [Table 2].[2],[3],[4],[5]
Humectants
They are basically hygroscopic compounds which mean they attract water from two sources, from the dermis into the epidermis and in humid conditions from the environment. Many humectants have emollient properties as well.[2] Natural moisturizing factor made of a mixture of low molecular weight soluble hygroscopic substances such as lactic acid, pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, and amino acids is a major player for hydration of the SC.[2] [Table 3][2],[3],[4],[5] lists the various humectants available. Trihydroxylated molecule glycerol is the most effective humectant. The mechanism of action [13],[14],[15],[16] is as shown in [Figure 1]. Urea has been shown to reduce TEWL in atopic and ichthyotic patients [17],[18] and reduce SLS-induced skin irritation.[19] It is a humectant at a lower concentration (10%) but in higher concentrations (20–30%) it disrupts the hydrogen bonds of epidermal proteins leading to keratolysis.[4] Alpha hydroxy acids are effective in treating xerosis. Lactic acid particularly the L-isomer stimulates ceramide synthesis leading to higher SC ceramide levels which result in superior lipid barrier and effective resistance against xerosis.[5]
Humectants are a double-edged weapon as they increase TEWL by enhancing water absorption from the dermis into the epidermis where it is easily lost to the environment. It is for this reason that they are mostly combined with occlusive.[5]
Occlusives
They are substances that physically block TEWL in the SC. They create a hydrophobic barrier over the skin, contribute to the matrix between corneocytes and have the most pronounced effect when applied to the slightly dampened skin.[5] A wide range of occlusives is available as shown in [Table 4].[2],[3],[4],[5] They are basically oils that are thought to diffuse into the intercellular lipid domains thus contributing to their efficacy. Mineral oils are derived from petroleum. The two most important materials are liquid paraffin (also called mineral oil and paraffinum liquidum) and petrolatum, consisting of a complex combination of hydrocarbons. Depending on the distribution of molecular weight, materials with different viscosity are obtained. During the refining process, the hydrocarbon material is hydrogenated to create oxidation resistant molecules throughout from the liquid to the solid waxes. This gives a long shelf life to these products. Among all petroleum jelly is one of the best moisturizers having a water vapor loss resistance 170 times that of olive oil but is cosmetically less acceptable due to its greasiness.[20] Lanolin secreted by sebaceous glands of sheep, is a complex structure of esters, diesters, hydroxyesters of high molecular weight, lanolin alcohols, and lanolin acids.[3],[21] Unlike human sebum, it contains no triglycerides.[3],[22] Petrolatum in a minimum concentration of 5% reduces TEWL by more than 98% followed by lanolin, mineral oil, and silicones which only reduce TEWL by 20–30%.[4],[20] The limiting factors with most occlusives being an odor, potential allergenicity, and the greasy feel.
| Role of Moisturizers | | |
- Moisturizing action [23],[24],[25],[26]: Tshis is the most vital action by which they increase the water content of the SC. Hydration smoothes the skin surface by flattening the “valleys” between the skin contour ridges. It also makes the skin surface soft, more extensible, and pliable. The moisturizing action of emollients is evident maximum 30 min–1 h after their use and usually lasts for 4 h.
- Anti-inflammatory action: Many moisturizers inhibit the production of proinflammatory prostanoids by blocking cyclooxygenase activity thus have a soothing effect on inflamed skin [23],[24],[25],[26]
- Antimitotic action: Moisturizers containing mineral oils have low-grade antimitotic action on the epidermis and thus are useful in inflammatory dermatosis like psoriasis, where there is increased epidermal mitotic activity [23],[24],[25],[26]
- Antipruritic action: Emollients downregulate the cytokines thus reducing the itching. Furthermore, cooling effect following evaporation of water from the skin surface after using water based moisturizers has antipruritic effect [23],[24],[25],[26]
- Photo protective action: These days' sunscreens with variable sun protection factor are incorporated in the moisturizers providing additional sun protection.[23],[24],[25]
- Miscellaneous actions [23],[24],[25],[26]:
- Quality of life improvement: Having a smooth and hydrated skin plays a good role in our social life and psychological satisfaction
- Antimicrobial action: Act against skin surface microbes
- Wound healing: Hyaluronic acid is known to play a role.
| Dispensing Formulations | | |
Moisturizers are available in different formulations [Table 5] depending on the dispensing medium. The predominant form of delivery is a cosmetic emulsion. The process of emulsification combines various phases containing the active ingredients.[5],[23],[24]
Depending on the site of application, the moisturizers are generally marketed in various categories. Within each category, there are specialized products geared for certain areas such as lips, under eyes, feet. Commercially, they are classified as:
- Facial moisturizers [5],[27],[28]: Face in particular is prone to effects of environment such as cold and hot weather, arid conditions, humidity, dust, pollution, and UV rays. Hence, facial moisturizers have a unique place in daily skin care. They are designed to be nongreasy, noncomedogenic with an emphasis on esthetics and maximal skin benefits. Silicone-based derivatives are suitable for oily skin. Other ingredients are added to reduce the appearance of excess shine such as oil absorbent compounds, for example, kaolin, talc.[5] Under eye creams are lightweight cream formulas meant to restore firmness, diminish dry lines, reduce puffiness, and pigmentation. Essentially, they are moisturizers, and their effects are limited to those of other routine moisturizers.
- Body and hand feet moisturizers: They are mostly aimed at prevention as well as treatment of dry skin, eczema, and xerosis. They are dispensed in the form of lotions, creams, and mousse. Some specialized products aims include cellulite firming, bronzing, and minimizing the signs of aging.[5]
- Anti-aging products: The quest for a younger looking skin has led to a boost in the anti-aging technology. Special agents are especially useful for photoaged skin and include sun protectants, alpha hydroxyl acids (e.g., glycolic acid), retinol, and its derivatives. These moisturizers play a role in treating and augmenting therapy for the aging face.[27],[28]
| Where to Use? | | |
Moisturizers have a wide array of usage and benefits for many dermatological conditions which have a common underlying effect of dryness. The dry skin disorders are induced by complex interactions between environmental and individual factors. Various factors contributing are low environmental temperature,[29] low humidity,[30] exposure to chemicals,[31] microorganisms,[32] aging and psychological stress,[22],[33] atopic dermatitis, and eczemas.[34],[35],[36],[37] [Table 6][1],[2],[3],[4],[5] (although not exhaustive) lists the common indications for use of moisturizers.
Xerotic skin
The appearance of the skin is essential for an individual, and a flawed presentation often results in reduced self-esteem by self and others.[38] The impression of dryness is formed by inherent sensory components in skin along with visible and tactile changes of the surface. A feeling of dryness, an uncomfortable skin that is, tight, painful, itchy, stings, and tingles are the symptoms of dry skin [Figure 2].[38],[39] Application of moisturizers leads to increase in water content in the SC,[40] and a smoothing of the surface can be observed, as a result of the filling of spaces between partially desquamated skin flakes.[41],[42] Thereafter, skin mechanics change [43] and the increased hydration will facilitate degradation of desmosomes keeping the corneocytes together.[44],[45] A possible strengthening of a weakened skin barrier function may also occur, which can make skin less susceptible to attacks from noxious substances and prevent the development of eczema.[17],[46],[47] This may explain why moisturizers are a useful adjunct in the treatment of inflammatory dermatoses as steroid-sparing therapy.[48]
Dosages and methods of application
Finding the most suitable moisturizer for an individual may be a matter of trial and error. The right time and the right way to apply the moisturizers hold the key to maximum benefits. Except for humectants and hydrophilic matrices which can absorb water from atmosphere or underlying skin layers the more commonly used occlusive oils should be applied on moist skin.[2],[3] The skin should be moistened as after dabbing it following a bath or by rubbing a wet cloth (sponge bath). After rubbing the moisturizer in both palms, it should be lightly applied along the direction of the hair follicles. To prevent the well-known adverse effect of oil folliculitis because of vigorous rubbing, the method of application should be repeatedly explained to the applicant.
As for other actives, the efficacy of moisturizers is likely to depend on dosage where compliance is a great challenge. It is often difficult to estimate the amount applied making it difficult to compare the effectiveness of moisturizers and may also cause doubts about the compliance. Intensive education from a dermatology nurse has resulted in 800% increase in the use of moisturizers (426 g weekly of emollient cream/ointment) and no overall increase in steroids accounting for potency and quantity used.[49] There is difference in dosing in self and assisted application of creams. Self-application resulted in larger amount applied per unit area.[50],[51] Furthermore, distribution of the moisturizer depends on the vehicle used.[52] A thick ointment (with a few percent of water) is more evenly distributed whereas the formulations with lower viscosity and more volatile ingredients were less evenly spread on the skin.[52] Furthermore, dispensing jars promoted more consumption of larger quantities than same in a tube (1.7 vs. 0.7 mg/cm 2, respectively).[51] Once applied to the skin, the ingredients can stay on the surface, be absorbed into the skin, metabolized or disappear from the body by evaporation, and sloughing off or by contact with other materials. Only 50% of applied creams were found to remain on the surface after 8 h.[53] Transfer of the actives to the surrounding surfaces is easier for creams and ointments than lotions and tinctures.[54] Depending on the severity of xerosis, the frequency of application can vary between 1 and 3 times daily, especially after bath.
| Special Additives in Moisturizers | | |
- Botanical substances: In this era of going natural, the use of herbal products and extracts has caught everyone's attention. These herbal products are being used in topical preparations since time immemorial. However, the rationale to include herbal extracts in moisturizers has not always been based on controlled studies or evidence-based meta-analysis of clinical trials.[55] Instead, they may be added for marketing reasons to nurture consumer interest in the perceived benefits of natural ingredients on the skin
- The most famous of all is Aloe (Aloe barbadensis Miller leaf extract), of which more than 300 species are available. Evidence to support its role as a moisturizer is lacking although its role in healing of skin ulcers and burns due to its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and vasodilator action has been propounded from time to time [56]
- Allantoin (comfrey root) is a synthetic derivative known as aluminum dihydroxy allantoinate. It has been marketed for its role as moisturizer as well as keratolytic. However, supportive studies are lacking [57]
- Oatmeal (Avena sativa) baths for soothing rashes have been part of nursing practice since decades and are considered to be highly reliving to the patient [55]
- Bioflavonoids, i.e., plant derived polyphenols are being promoted as topical antioxidants. As a result, they have found a suitable place as an additive to the moisturizers. However, how far they are useful in relieving the oxidant stress of the skin is yet to be proved.[57]
- Antioxidants [58]: Are the agents which inhibit oxidation of ingredients by reacting with free radicals and blocking the chain reaction. Typical antioxidants are tocopherols (Vitamin E), butylated hydroxytoluene, and alkyl gallates.[20] Reducing agents, such as ascorbic acid, may also act by reacting with free radicals, as well as oxidize more readily than the ingredients they are intended to protect [20]
- Chelating agents [58]: Citric acid, tartaric acid ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and its salts have limited antioxidant activity themselves, but enhance the efficacy of antioxidants by reacting with heavy metal ions. Such substance is called chelating agents.
- Vitamins [22],[23]: There have been poorly substantiated claims of skin rejuvenation by the addition of Vitamins such as A, C, and E. However, their penetration through the skin is doubtful. They should be in water soluble form to be absorbed percutaneously hence oral/parenteral supplementation is preferred over topical application of the same.
- Fragrances and coloring agents [22],[23]: Added more for their cosmetic enhancement rather than any actual role as moisturizers. They may vary from cinnamic acid, cinnamates, menthol, benzoin resin, etc. Coloring agents impart subtle hues and other optical effects leading to more acceptance although at times can lead to irritant dermatitis.
- Preservatives [58]: They are meant to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms inadvertently introduced during use or manufacturing. Contaminating organisms may be either pathogens or nonpathogens. The ideal preservative must have a broad spectrum of activity; it must be safe to use; it should be stable in the product, and it should not affect the physical properties of the product. No single preservative meets all these requirements, and usually a combination of substances is used. Phenoxyethanol and parabens (methyl-, propyl-, ethyl- and butyl-paraben) are the most frequently used in moisturizers.
- Emulsifying agents [22],[23]: The natural tendency of any oil and water to separate in different phases is undone by the addition of emulsifying agents mostly detergents. The most commonly used ones are Laureth 4 and 9, ethylene glycol monostearate, octoxinols, and nonoxinols. Liposomes dispersion is the newer technique which delivers the active ingredients into the epidermis for enhanced action.
- Sunscreens [22],[23],[25]: Last but not the least, they have found a comfortable berth as an important ingredient in many moisturizers serving a dual function, for example, replenishing creams. Cinnamates, titanium dioxide, and zinc oxide have replaced the much toxic para-aminobenzoic acid agents.
| Adverse Effects | | |
As compared to various topical drugs used by dermatologists, moisturizers are rarely associated with health hazards, although they may be used on large body surface areas over a major part of the life span. Various forms of skin discomfort from topical preparations are more common encountered, as virtually any substance can cause skin reactions in sensitive areas in some individuals. Atopics are particularly at risk for adverse skin reactions because of the impaired barrier function. Facial skin is also more sensitive than other body regions [59],[60] possibly the result of a less efficient barrier with a smaller number of SC cell layers and the presence of large follicular pores.[61]
Skin irritation [2],[62]
It is the most common adverse effect of moisturizers, can be visible and invisible. They are basically sensory reactions or subjective sensations with/without signs and symptoms of inflammation. Common presenting complaints are in the form of smarting, tingling, and stinging sensations. Based on the skin response, it is classified into four mechanisms:[62]
- Sensory/subjective irritation
- Allergic contact dermatitis
- Nonimmunologic contact urticaria
- Irritant contact dermatitis.
[Table 7] provides a plausible list of adverse effects encountered with moisturizers. By keeping them in mind, an astute clinician can change or select the appropriate moisturizer preventing much discomfort.
The Indian perspective
Moisturizers have found a comfortable seat in the Indian market, and are used widely and variedly. Although there is paucity of Indian literature, few reports on usage of moisturizers in some specific dermatoses do throw some light.[78],[79] The exact knowhow's of their usage pertaining to Indian skin is still lacking. Mostly Indian skin types are of Fitzpatrick type IV–V though a wide variability does exist.[80] Saying this does implement that moisturizers can be used solely with little additives like sun blocking agents. Variability of skin type depending on dry, oily, combination or normal skin does guide the amount, frequency, and type of moisturizers like in any other ethnicity as discussed earlier.
Ideal moisturizer [2],[4],[5]
The search for an ideal moisturizer is a vain task, for the needs and results are highly subjective. However, an ideal moisturizer should have some attributes which make them suitable in most of the conditions and for most of the applicants.
| An Ideal Moisturizer Should | | |
- Reduce and prevent further TEWL
- Restore lipid barrier, i.e., duplicating and enhancing the skin's moisturizing retention mechanisms
- Hypoallergenic, nonsensitizing, fragrance free, noncomedogenic
- Absorbed immediately, providing immediate hydration
- Cosmetically acceptable
- Affordable.
| Conclusion | | |
Till date choosing, the right moisturizer is still a matter of trial and error. As the population ages and we turn into an urbanized makeover worldwide, the need of moisturizers will be ever increasing. The key to future moisturizer therapy will be to tailor specific agents to specific dermatological needs. This review helps provide a fundamental understanding of the physiochemical and psychological effects of the use of moisturizers. Knowing the in and out of the actives and their interactions with the skin will help better usage and efficacy of the available moisturizers. This voluminous text is an attempt to provide wholesome knowledge to diverse players of skin care: dermatologists and physicians; dermatological scientists who involve in skin biology, academicians.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Del Rosso JQ. Cosmeceutical Moisturizers. In: Draelos ZD, editor. Procedures in cosmetic dermatology series: Cosmeceuticals, 1 st ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2005. p. 97-102  |
| 2. | Loden, M. The clinical benefit of moisturizers. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2005;19:672-88. |
| 3. | Loden M, Maibach H. Dry skin and moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. 1st ed. New York: CRC Press; 1999. |
| 4. | Lynde CW. Moisturizers: What they are and how they work. Skin Therapy Lett 2001;6(13):3-5 |
| 5. | Kraft N, Lynde CW. Moisturizers: What they are and a practical approach to product selection. Skin Therapy Lett 2005;10:1-8. |
| 6. | Rawlings AV, Canestrari DA, Dobkowski B. Moisturizer technology versus clinical performance. Dermatol Ther 2004;17(1):49-56. |
| 7. | Rathi S. Water barrier function: A cosmetic approach. Indian J Dermatol 2006;51:297-8.  |
| 8. | Alka Lohani, Anurag Verma, Himanshi Joshi, Niti Yadav, Neha Karki. Nanotechnology-Based Cosmeceuticals ISRN Dermatology, vol. 2014, Article ID 843687, 14 pages, 2014. |
| 9. | Cotterill JA, Cunliffe WJ, Williamson B, Bulusu L. Age and sex variation in skin surface lipid composition and sebum excretion rate. Br J Dermatol 1972;87(4):333-34. |
| 10. | Kelly GS. Squalene and its potential clinical uses Altern Med Rev 1999 Feb;4(1):29-36. |
| 11. | |
| 12. | Wołosik K, Knaś M, Zalewska A, Niczyporuk M, Przystupa AW. The importance and perspective of plant-based squalene in cosmetology. J Cosmet Sci 2013;64:59-66. |
| 13. | Madison KC. Barrier function of skin: “La raison d'etre of the epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 2003;121:231-41 |
| 14. | Bonak N, Bodemer C. Cutaneous hydration of the premature and new born. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2002;129:143-6 |
| 15. | Harding CR, Long S, Richardson J. The cornified cell envelope: An important marker of stratum corneum maturation in healthy and dry skin. Int J Cosmet Sci 2003;25:157-68 |
| 16. | Rawlings A, Harding C, Watkinson A, Banks J, Ackerman C, Sabin R. The effect of glycerol and humidity on desmosome degradation in stratum corneum. Arch Dermatol Res 1995;287:457-64 |
| 17. | Loden M, Anderson AC, Lindberg M. Improvement in skin barrier function in atopic dermatitis after treatment with a moisturizing cream(Canoderm). Br J Dermatol 1999;140:264-7 |
| 18. | Loden M. Role of topical emollients and moisturizers in the treatment of dry skin barrier disorders. Am J Clin Dermatol 2003;4(11):771-88 |
| 19. | Loden M. Barrier recovery and influence of irritant stimuli in skin treated with a moisturizing cream. Contact dermatitis 1997;36(5):256-60 |
| 20. | Spruit D. The interference of some substances with the water vapor loss of human skin. Dermatologica 1971;142:89-91 |
| 21. | Ghadially R, Halkier SL, Elias PM. Effects of petrolatum on stratum corneum structure and function. J Amer Acad Dermatol 1992;26:387-96. |
| 22. | Ghadially R, Halkier SL, Elias PM. Effects of petrolatum on stratum corneum structure and function. J Amer Acad Dermatol 1992;26:387-96. |
| 23. | Draelos ZD: Moisturizers. In: Draelos ZD editor. Cosmetics in Dermatology. 2 nd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1995. p. 83-96. |
| 24. | Marks R. Emollients. London: Martin Dunitz Ltd; 2002. |
| 25. | Baumann L. Moisturizing Agents. In: Baumann L, editor. Cosmetic Dermatology- Principles and Practices. 1 st ed. New York: Tata McGraw Hill. 2002. p. 93-99. |
| 26. | Hawk JLM. Cutaneous Photobiology. In: Champion RH, Burton JL, Ebling FJ, editors. Rook/Wilkinson/Ebling Textbook of Dermatology. 5 th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1992. p. 849-66. |
| 27. | Draelos ZD. Therapeutic Moisturizers. Dermatol Clin 2000;18(4):597-607. |
| 28. | Glaser DA. Anti ageing products and cosmeceuticals. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2004;12(3):363-72. |
| 29. | Ashida Y, Ogo M, Denda M. Epidermal interleukin-1 alpha generation is amplified at low humidity: Implications for the pathogenesis of inflammatory dermatoses. Br J Dermatol 2001;144:238–43. |
| 30. | Morris-Jones R, Robertson SJ, Ross JS. Dermatitis caused by physical irritants. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:270-75. |
| 31. | Cork MJ. The role of Staphylococcus aureus in atopic eczema: Treatment strategies. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1996;7:31-37. |
| 32. | Strange P, Skov L, Lisby S. Staphylococal enterotoxin B applied on intact normal and intact atopic skin induces dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 1996;132:27-33. |
| 33. | Garg A, Chren MM, Sands LP. Psychological stress perturbs epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis: Implications for the pathogenesis of stress-associated skin disorders. Arch Dermatol 2001;137:53-9. |
| 34. | Werner Y, Lindberg M. Transepidermal water loss in dry and clinically normal skin in patients with atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 1985;65:102-5. |
| 35. | Lodén M, Olsson H, Axell T, Linde YW. Friction, capacitance and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in dry atopic and normal skin. Br J Dermatol 1992;126:137-41. |
| 36. | Thune P. Evaluation of the hydration and the water-holding capacity in atopic skin and so-called dry skin. Acta dermato-venereologica 1988;144:133-35. |
| 37. | Finlay AY, Nicholls S, King CS, Marks R. The 'dry' non-eczematous skin associated with atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol 1980;103:249-56. |
| 38. | Ginsburg IH. The psychosocial impact of skin disease. An overview. Dermatol Clin 1996;14:473-84. |
| 39. | Leveque JLG, Grove G, de Rigal L, Corcuff P, Kligman AM, Leger DS. Biophysical characterization of dry facial skin. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1987;82:171-7. |
| 40. | Loden M. The increase in skin hydration after application of emollients with different amounts of lipids. Acta Derm Venereol 1992;72:327-30. |
| 41. | Nicholls S, King CS, Marks R. Short term effects of emollients and a bath oil on the stratum corneum. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1978;29:617-24. |
| 42. | Garber CA, Nightingale CT. Characterizing cosmetic effects and skin morphology by scanning electron microscopy. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1976;27:509-31. |
| 43. | Jemec GB, Wulf HC. Correlation between the greasiness and the plasticizing effect of moisturizers. Acta Derm Venereol 1999;79:115-17. |
| 44. | Suzuki Y, Nomura J, Koyama J, Horii I. The role of proteases in stratum corneum: Involvement in stratum corneum desquamation. Arch Dermatol Res 1994;286:249-53. |
| 45. | Ohman H, Vahlquist A. The pH gradient over the stratum corneum differs in X-linked recessive and autosomal dominant ichthyosis: A clue to the molecular origin of the 'acid skin mantle'? J Invest Dermatol 1998;111:674-7. |
| 46. | Loden M. Urea-containing moisturizers influence barrier properties of normal skin. Arch Dermatol Res 1996;288:103-7. |
| 47. | Elias PM, Menon GK. Structural and lipid biochemical correlates of the epidermal permeability barrier. Adv Lipid Res 1991;24:1-26. |
| 48. | Lucky AW, Leach AD, Laskarzewski P, Wenck H. Use of an emollient as a steroid-sparing agent in the treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis in children. Pediatr Dermatol 1997;14:321-4. |
| 49. | Cork MJ, Britton J, Butler L, Young S, Murphy R, Keohane SG. Comparison of parent knowledge, therapy utilization and severity of atopic eczema before and after explanation and demonstration of topical therapies by a specialist dermatology nurse. Br J Dermatol 2003;149:582-9. |
| 50. | Schlagel CA, Sanborn EC. The weights of topical preparations required for total and partial body inunction. J Invest Dermatol 1964;42:253-56. |
| 51. | Lynfield YL, Schechter BA. Choosing and using a vehicle. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984;10:56-9. |
| 52. | Ivens UI, Steinkjer B, Serup J. Ointment is evenly spread on a skin in contrast to creams and solutions. Br J Dermatol 2001;145:264-7. |
| 53. | Rhodes LE, Diffey BL. Fluorescence spectroscopy: A rapid, noninvasive method for measurement of skin surface thickness of topical agents. Br J Dermatol 1997;136:12-7. |
| 54. | Johnson R, Nusbaum BP, Horwitz SN. Transfer of topically applied tetracycline in various vehicles. Arch Dermatol 1983;119:660-63. |
| 55. | Dattner AM. From medical herbalism to phytotherapy in dermatology: back to the future. Dermatol Ther 2003;16:106-13. |
| 56. | Shelton RM. Aloe vera: Its chemical and therapeutic properties. Int J Dermatol 1991;30:679-83. |
| 57. | Andreassi M, Stanghellini E, Ettorre A, et al . Antioxidant activity of topically applied lycopene. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2004;18:52-5. |
| 58. | Kibbe AW. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients. 3 rd ed. American Pharmaceutical Association, Washington and Pharmaceutical Press, London; 2000. |
| 59. | De Groot AC, Nater JP, Lende R, Rijcken B, et al . Adverse effects of cosmetics and toiletries: A retrospective study in the general population. Int J Dermatol Sci 1988;9:255-9. |
| 60. | Rietschel RL, Fowler JF. Fisher's Contact Dermatitis. 4 th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1995. |
| 61. | Ya-Xian Z, Suetake T, Tagami H. Number of cell layers of the stratum corneum in normal skin – relationship to the anatomical location on the body, age, sex and physical parameters. Arch Dermatol Res 1999;291:555-9. |
| 62. | Frosch PJ, Kligman AM. A method for appraising the stinging capacity of topically applied substances. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1977;28:197-209. |
| 63. | Gabard B, Nook T, Muller KH. Tolerance of the lesioned skin to dermatological formulations. J Appl Cosmetol 1991;9:25-30. |
| 64. | Larmi E, Lahti A, Hannuksela M. Immediate contact reactions to benzoic acid and the sodium salt of pyrrolidone carboxylic acid. Contact Dermatitis 1989;20:38-40. |
| 65. | Yunginger JW, Calobrisi SD. Investigation of the allergenicity of a refined peanut oil containing dermatological agent in persons who are sensitive to peanuts. Cutis 2001;68:153-5. |
| 66. | Groot AC. Sensitizing substances. In: Loden M, Maibach HI, editors. Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2000. p. 403-11. |
| 67. | Ernst E. Adverse effects of herbal drugs in dermatology. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:923-9. |
| 68. | Inactive ingreditents in pharmaceutical products: update (subject review). Pediatrics 1997;99(1):268-78. |
| 69. | Cawley EP, Peterson NT, Wheeler CE. Salicylic Acid poisoning in dermatological therapy. JAMA 1953;151:372-73. |
| 70. | Fleckman P. Management of the ichthyoses. Skin Therapy Lett 2003;8(6):3-7. |
| 71. | Shwayder T. Disorders of keratinization: Diagnosis and management. Am J Clin Dermatol 2004;5:17-29. |
| 72. | Kempers S, Katz HI, Wildnauer R, Green B. An evaluation of the effect of an alpha hydroxy acid-blend skin cream in the cosmetic improvement of symptoms of moderate to severe xerosis, epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, and ichthyosis. Cutis 1998;61(6):347-50. |
| 73. | Bikowski J. The use of therapeutic moisturizers in various dermatologic disorders. Cutis 2001;68(5):3-11. |
| 74. | Sibbald RG, Campbell K, Coutts P, Queen D. Intact skin-an integrity not to be lost. Ostomy Wound Manage 2003;49:27-33. |
| 75. | Hauser DE. Promotion of foot health in diabetes. Clin Excell Nurse Pract 1999;3(4):210-3. |
| 76. | Lane AT, Drost SS. Effects of repeated application of emollient cream to premature neonates' skin. Pediatrics 1993;92(3):415-9. |
| 77. | Kuehl BL, Fyfe KS, Shear NH. Cutaneous cleansers. Skin Therapy Lett 2003;8(3):1-4. |
| 78. | Siddappa K. Dry skin conditions, eczema and emollients in their management. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2003;69:69-75. [ PUBMED] |
| 79. | Dhar S. Topical therapy of atopic dermatitis. Indian J Paediatr Dermatol 2013;14:4-8. |
| 80. | Sachdeva S. Fitzpatrick skin typing: Applications in dermatology. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2009;75:93-6. [ PUBMED] |
What is new?
- The typology, dispensing formulations, and role of moisturizers are widely discussed, with an attempt to provide wholesome knowledge
- Apt information about usage and adverse effects will make their role more beneficial.
[Figure 1], [Figure 2]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6], [Table 7] |
|
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Scientific and Clinical Abstracts From WOCNext® 2022 |
|
| John Adewole Alara, Oluwaseun Ruth Alara, Nour Hamid Abdurahman | | Journal of Wound, Ostomy & Continence Nursing. 2023; 49(3): 399 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Flow characteristics of jojoba and other oil blends for skin treatment fluids |
|
| Mamdouh T. Ghannam, Mohamed Y.E. Selim, Ahmed Thaher, Alyazia Binamro, Mayasa Almansoori, Sami Abdallah | | International Journal of Thermofluids. 2023; : 100362 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Efficacy of anti-sebum moisturizing cream containing 2%
l
-carnitine and 5% epigallocatechin gallate in seborrhea: A randomized clinical trial
|
|
| Pipatpong Detudom, Nanticha Kamanamool, Anon Paichitrojjana, Pawat Udompataikul, Montree Udompataikul | | Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. 2023; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Effect of an Emollient Emulsion Containing 15.0% of Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride on the Urocanic Acid of the Stratum Corneum |
|
| Alicio Vitorino de Souza Neto, Débora Quintas Balla, Thalita Marcilio Candido, Catarina Rosado, André Rolim Baby, Fabiana Vieira Lima Solino Pessoa | | Life. 2023; 13(4): 876 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
How to Promote Skin Repair? In-Depth Look at Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Strategies |
|
| Ana Torres, Liliana Rego, Márcia S. Martins, Marta S. Ferreira, Maria T. Cruz, Emília Sousa, Isabel F. Almeida | | Pharmaceuticals. 2023; 16(4): 573 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
A Review of Moisturizers; History, Preparation, Characterization and Applications |
|
| Saeid Mezail Mawazi, Jo Ann, Noordin Othman, Jiyauddin Khan, Sultan Othman Alolayan, Sultan S. Al thagfan, Mohammed Kaleemullah | | Cosmetics. 2022; 9(3): 61 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
From Sharks to Yeasts: Squalene in the Development of Vaccine Adjuvants |
|
| Adélia Mendes, Joăo Azevedo-Silva, Joăo C. Fernandes | | Pharmaceuticals. 2022; 15(3): 265 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Moisturizer in Patients with Inflammatory Skin Diseases |
|
| Seok-Young Kang, Ji-Young Um, Bo-Young Chung, So-Yeon Lee, Jin-Seo Park, Jin-Cheol Kim, Chun-Wook Park, Hye-One Kim | | Medicina. 2022; 58(7): 888 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
New Hair Growth Cream Formulation with Cocoa Pod Peel (Theobroma cacao L.) |
|
| Resmi Mustarichie, Aliya Nur Hasanah, Gofarana Wilar, Dolih Gozali, Nyi Mekar Saptarini, Vera R.-Leopoldo Constantino | | The Scientific World Journal. 2022; 2022: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Effectiveness of Dietary Supplement for Skin Moisturizing in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials |
|
| Qian Sun, Jingping Wu, Guofei Qian, Hongbin Cheng | | Frontiers in Nutrition. 2022; 9 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Recent Updates on Nanocosmeceutical Skin Care and Anti-Aging Products |
|
| Bhavana B. Bhat, Prateeksha Prakash Kamath, Swarnabh Chatterjee, Rishav Bhattacherjee, Usha Y. Nayak | | Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2022; 28(15): 1258 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Preliminary Observations on Soaps Increasing Slipperiness and Bathroom Injuries |
|
| Madison J. Anzelc, Craig G. Burkhart, Curt Black | | The Open Dermatology Journal. 2022; 16(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
The use of urea for skin barrier correction |
|
| Vera I. Albanova, Olesya V. Kalinina, Stanislava Yu. Petrova | | Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii. 2022; 98(4): 67 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
Plant-based paraben-free moisturizer, Venusia Max Cream, is a nonirritant |
|
| Monil Yogesh Neena Gala, Snehal Sameer Muchhala, Sujeet Narayan Charugulla, Rahul Rathod, Amey Mane, Sucheta Pandit, Alok Ranjan Samal, Anup Avijit Choudhury | | CosmoDerma. 2022; 2: 25 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 15 |
The effect of pH-compatible cleansing cloths on skin pH and the development of pressure ulcers |
|
| Kerime Ögüt Düzen, Zeynep Günes | | Journal of Tissue Viability. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
The Effects of Skin Temperature Changes on the Integrity of Skin Tissue: A Systematic Review |
|
| Tiziana Mifsud, Chiara Modestini, Anabelle Mizzi, Owen Falzon, Kevin Cassar, Stephen Mizzi | | Advances in Skin & Wound Care. 2022; Publish Ah | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
Occlusion and hydration of scars: moisturizers versus silicone gels |
|
| Ignace De Decker, Henk Hoeksema, Els Vanlerberghe, Anse Beeckman, Jozef Verbelen, Petra De Coninck, Marijn M. Speeckaert, Phillip Blondeel, Stan Monstrey, Karel E.Y. Claes | | Burns. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 18 |
Moisturizing effectiveness of immediate compared with delayed moisturization |
|
| Kim Han Nguyen, Le Duy Pham, Thi Thu Thao Nguyen, Hien Chu, Thanh Dat Nguyen, Dang Khoa Ngo, Quoc Cuong Nguyen, Thanh Le Thai Van | | Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 19 |
A daily regimen of a ceramide-dominant moisturizing cream and cleanser restores the skin permeability barrier in adults with moderate eczema: A randomized trial |
|
| Fabrizio Spada, Ian P. Harrison, Tanya M. Barnes, Kerryn A. Greive, Daisy Daniels, Joshua P. Townley, Niyaz Mostafa, Andrew T. Fong, Philip L. Tong, Stephen Shumack | | Dermatologic Therapy. 2021; 34(4) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 20 |
Indicaciones de la urea tópica en dermatología |
|
| Jaime Piquero-Casals, Daniel Morgado-Carrasco, Jesús Delgado, Aurora Garre | | Piel. 2021; 36(10): 689 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 21 |
Supramolecular architecture of a multi-component biomimetic lipid barrier formulation |
|
| Delaram Ahmadi, Ruth Ledder, Najet Mahmoudi, Peixun Li, James Tellam, Douglas Robinson, Richard K. Heenan, Paul Smith, Christian D. Lorenz, David J. Barlow, M. Jayne Lawrence | | Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2021; 587: 597 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 22 |
Long-term effects of two 24-hour moisturizing products on skin barrier structure and function: A biometric and molecular study |
|
| Aniseh Samadi, Saman Ahmad Nasrollahi, Mahmoud Nateghi Rostami, Zahra Rezagholi, Farideh Abolghasemi, Alireza Firooz | | Health Science Reports. 2021; 4(2) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 23 |
Combination of platelet rich plasma and stromal vascular fraction on the level of vascular endothelial growth factor in rat subjects experiencing deep dermal burn injury |
|
| Sachraswaty Rachman Laidding, Fonny Josh, Sartian Battung, Agussalim Bukhari, Warsinggih, Ilham Jaya Patellongi, Muh Nassrum Massi, Andi Asadul Islam, Iswinarno Dososaputro, Muhammad Faruk | | Annals of Medicine and Surgery. 2021; 64: 102254 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 24 |
Urea in Dermatology: A Review of its Emollient, Moisturizing, Keratolytic, Skin Barrier Enhancing and Antimicrobial Properties |
|
| Jaime Piquero-Casals, Daniel Morgado-Carrasco, Corinne Granger, Carles Trullŕs, América Jesús-Silva, Jean Krutmann | | Dermatology and Therapy. 2021; 11(6): 1905 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 25 |
Insights into Cosmeceuticals |
|
| Gulhima Arora | | Cosmoderma. 2021; 1: 32 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 26 |
Effects of Venusia Max Lotion on skin hydration and skin barrier in patients with dry skin |
|
| Monil Yogesh Neena Gala, Snehal Sameer Muchhala, Sujeet Narayan Charugulla, Rahul Rathod, Amey Mane, Sucheta Pandit, Alok Ranjan Samal, Anup Avijit Choudhury | | Cosmoderma. 2021; 1: 41 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 27 |
Evaluation of comedogenic potential of a paraben-free plant-based butter moisturizing cream: A double-blind, comparative study |
|
| Monil Yogesh Neena Gala, Snehal Sameer Muchhala, Sujeet Narayan Charugulla, Rahul Rathod, Amey Mane, Sucheta Pandit, Alok Ranjan Samal, Anup Avijit Choudhury | | Cosmoderma. 2021; 1: 52 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 28 |
Efficacy of moisturizers in paediatric atopic dermatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials |
|
| Chawan Kritsanaviparkporn, Phoomphut Sangaphunchai, Arucha Treesirichod | | Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology. 2021; 0: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 29 |
Role of Centella asiatica and ceramide in skin barrier improvement: a double blind clinical trial of Indonesian batik workers |
|
| Sylvia Anggraeni, Menul Ayu Umborowati, Damayanti Damayanti, Anang Endaryanto, Cita Rosita Sigit Prakoeswa | | Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology. 2021; 32(4): 589 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 30 |
The New Challenge of Green Cosmetics: Natural Food Ingredients for Cosmetic Formulations |
|
| Irene Dini, Sonia Laneri | | Molecules. 2021; 26(13): 3921 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 31 |
The Combination of Stromal Vascular Fraction Cells and Platelet-Rich Plasma Reduces Malondialdehyde and Nitric Oxide Levels in Deep Dermal Burn Injury |
|
| Fonny Josh, Tomie Hermawan Soekamto, Januar Rizky Adriani, Billy Jonatan, Hiroshi Mizuno, Muhammad Faruk | | Journal of Inflammation Research. 2021; Volume 14: 3049 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 32 |
Three New Dexpanthenol-Containing Face Creams: Performance and Acceptability after Single and Repeated Applications in Subjects of Different Ethnicity with Dry and Sensitive Skin |
|
| Ana Barrionuevo-Gonzalez, Sonja Trapp, Raffaella de Salvo, Marina Reitmann, Eva Cassar, Siham Rharbaoui, Florence Reber, Hans Stettler | | Cosmetics. 2021; 8(4): 93 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 33 |
Vehicles for Drug Delivery and Cosmetic Moisturizers: Review and Comparison |
|
| Tanya M. Barnes, Dalibor Mijaljica, Joshua P. Townley, Fabrizio Spada, Ian P. Harrison | | Pharmaceutics. 2021; 13(12): 2012 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 34 |
Influence of Massage and Skin Hydration on Dermal Penetration Efficacy of Nile Red from Petroleum Jelly—An Unexpected Outcome |
|
| Vasudha Kaushik, Yameera Ganashalingam, Robert Schesny, Christian Raab, Soma Sengupta, Cornelia M. Keck | | Pharmaceutics. 2021; 13(12): 2190 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 35 |
Management of xerosis cutis with cream of cashew shell oil: A case report |
|
| Jwala Jayaram, S Swathy, MS Soumya, Shaithya Raj, Rabinarayan Tripathy | | Journal of Ayurveda Case Reports. 2020; 3(2): 75 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 36 |
Preparation and Evaluation Pumpkin Seed Oil-based Vitamin E Cream Formulations for Topical Application |
|
| Teik Siun Ong, Chee Chin Chu, Chin Ping Tan, Kar Lin Nyam | | Journal of Oleo Science. 2020; 69(4): 297 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 37 |
Microbial Biosurfactants in Cosmetic and Personal Skincare Pharmaceutical Formulations |
|
| Simms A. Adu, Patrick J. Naughton, Roger Marchant, Ibrahim M. Banat | | Pharmaceutics. 2020; 12(11): 1099 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 38 |
Collagen Hydrolysates for Skin Protection: Oral Administration and Topical Formulation |
|
| Gabriel Aguirre-Cruz, Arely León-López, Verónica Cruz-Gómez, Rubén Jiménez-Alvarado, Gabriel Aguirre-Álvarez | | Antioxidants. 2020; 9(2): 181 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 39 |
Combination of platelet-rich plasma and stromal vascular fraction on the level of transforming growth factor-ß in rat subjects experiencing deep dermal burn injury |
|
| Sachraswaty Rachman Laidding, Fonny Josh, Francisca, Muhammad Faruk, Andi Sinapati Palissei, Bayu Satria, Warsinggih, Agussalim Bukhari, Muh Nassrum Massi, Andi Asadul Islam | | Annals of Medicine and Surgery. 2020; 60: 737 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 40 |
Natural anti-aging skincare: role and potential |
|
| Idris Adewale Ahmed, Maryam Abimbola Mikail, Norhisam Zamakshshari, Al-Shwyeh Hussah Abdullah | | Biogerontology. 2020; 21(3): 293 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 41 |
Revealing the Hidden Details of Nanostructure in a Pharmaceutical Cream |
|
| Delaram Ahmadi, Najet Mahmoudi, Peixun Li, Kun Ma, James Doutch, Fabrizia Foglia, Richard K. Heenan, David Barlow, M. Jayne Lawrence | | Scientific Reports. 2020; 10(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 42 |
Real-life efficiency and safety comparison study of emollient ointment based on glycerophosphoinositol (GPI) salt of choline and other emollient products in patients with atopic dermatitis |
|
| Monika Marko, Rafal Pawliczak | | Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2020; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 43 |
Exposure Assessment For Air-To-Skin Uptake of Semivolatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) Indoors |
|
| Javier A. Garrido, Srinandini Parthasarathy, Christoph Moschet, Thomas M. Young, Thomas E. McKone, Deborah H. Bennett | | Environmental Science & Technology. 2019; 53(3): 1608 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 44 |
Formulation and characterization of some oil in water cosmetic emulsions based on collagen hydrolysate and vegetable oils mixtures |
|
| Elena Danila, Zenovia Moldovan, Madalina Georgiana Albu Kaya, Mihaela Violeta Ghica | | Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2019; 91(9): 1493 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 45 |
Choosing an emollient |
|
| Stacey Croney | | British Journal of Nursing. 2018; 27(11): 597 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 46 |
Using cosmeceutical ingredients and combinination regimens for sensitive skin |
|
| Lorna Bowes | | Journal of Aesthetic Nursing. 2017; 6(10): 522 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 47 |
The status of emollients in the current treatment of atopic dermatitis |
|
| Zdenka Drahotuská | | Dermatologie pro praxi. 2017; 11(3): 120 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
