   |
|
REVIEW ARTICLE |
|
| Year : 2015 | Volume
: 60
| Issue : 3 | Page : 222-229 |
|
| Oral lichen planus: An update on etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management |
|
|
Sonia Gupta1, Manveen Kaur Jawanda2
1 Department of Oral Pathology, Swami Devi Dyal Hospital and Dental College, Golpura, Barwala, Punjab, India
2 Laxmibai Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Patiala, Punjab, India
| Date of Web Publication | 6-May-2015 |
Correspondence Address:
Sonia Gupta
#95/3, Adarsh Nagar, Dera Bassi, Mohali, Punjab 140507
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.156315
|
|
 Abstract | | |
The mouth is a mirror of health or disease, a sentinel or early warning system. The oral cavity might well be thought as a window to the body because oral manifestations accompany many systemic diseases. In many instances, oral involvement precedes the appearance of other symptoms or lesions at other locations. Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic mucocutaneous disorder of stratified squamous epithelium of uncertain etiology that affects oral and genital mucous membranes, skin, nails, and scalp. LP is estimated to affect 0.5% to 2.0% of the general population. This disease has most often been reported in middle-aged patients with 30-60 years of age and is more common in females than in males. The disease seems to be mediated by an antigen-specific mechanism, activating cytotoxic T cells, and non-specific mechanisms like mast cell degranulation and matrix metalloproteinase activation. A proper understanding of the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis of the disease becomes important for providing the right treatment. This article discusses the prevalence, etiology, clinical features, oral manifestations, diagnosis, complications and treatment of oral LP.
Keywords: Degranulation, mucocutaneous, oral lichen planus, pathogenesis, stratified squamous
How to cite this article:
Gupta S, Jawanda MK. Oral lichen planus: An update on etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management. Indian J Dermatol 2015;60:222-9 |
How to cite this URL:
Gupta S, Jawanda MK. Oral lichen planus: An update on etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management. Indian J Dermatol [serial online] 2015 [cited 2023 Mar 24];60:222-9. Available from: https://www.e-ijd.org/text.asp?2015/60/3/222/156315 |
What was known?
Lichen planus is one of mucocutaneous disorder in which oral involvement precedes the appearance of other symptoms or lesions at other locations. Etiology of lichen planus as such is not known clearly, but at present it has been linked to autoimmune disorder For a general practitioner it is very important to know the important clinical features, diagnosis and treatment plan for this disease to differentiate it from other lesions. Now a days novel drug therapy and use of custom trays are of special concern for a dentist in management of oral lichen planus lesions.
| Introduction | |  |
The mouth is a mirror of health or disease, a sentinel or early warning system. The oral cavity might well be thought as a window to the body because oral manifestations accompany many systemic diseases. In many instances, oral involvement precedes the appearance of other symptoms or lesions at other locations. [1] Most of the oral mucosa is derived embryologically from an invagination of the ectoderm and perhaps not surprisingly, this, like other similar orifices, may become involved in disorders that are primarily associated with the skin.
Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic mucocutaneous disorder of the stratified squamous epithelium that affects oral and genital mucous membranes, skin, nails, and scalp. [2] Oral lichen planus (OLP) is the mucosal counterpart of cutaneous LP. [3] It is derived from the Greek word "leichen0" means tree moss and Latin word "planus" means flat. [4]
| Historical Background | | |
The designation and description of the pathology were first presented by the English physician Erasmus Wilson in 1866. [5] He considered this to be the same disease as "lichen ruber," previously described by Hebra [6] and characterized the disease as "an eruption of pimples remarkable for their color, their figure, their structure, their habits of isolated and aggregated development." [7] In 1892, Kaposi reported the first clinical variant of the disease, lichen ruber pemphigoides. [8] In 1895, Wickham noted the characteristic reticulate white lines on the surface of LP papules, today recognized as Wickham striae. [9] Darier is credited with the first formal description of the histopathological changes associated with LP. [10]
| Epidemiology | | |
The exact incidence and prevalence of LP is unknown. In 1895, Kaposi noted the disease as "rather frequent" with 25 to 30 cases presenting annually. [11] In the United States, the incidence of LP is reported to be approximately 1% of all new patients seen at health care clinics. [12] The Indian subcontinent has a particularly high incidence of disease. [13] LP is estimated to affect 0.5% to 2.0% of the general population, [14] the prevalence being ranging from 0.5% selectively in Japanese population, 1.9% in Swedish population, 2.6% in Indian population and 0.38% in Malaysia (relatively uncommon). [15] The relative risk is 3.7% in people with mixed oral habits, lowest (0.3%) in non-users of tobacco and highest (13.7%) among those who smoked and chewed tobacco. [16] This disease has most often been reported in middle-aged patients with 30-60 years of age and is more common in females than in males. OLP is also seen in children, although it is rare. [17] It affects all racial groups . [18] However, according to some literature white individuals are five and a half time more likely to develop this disease compared to other races. [19] OLP occurs more frequently than the cutaneous form and tends to be more persistent and more resistant to treatment. [20]
| Etiology | | |
Although the exact etiology of this disease is still unknown, but some factors are associated with it. These are as follows:
Genetic background
Familial cases are rare. An association has been observed with HLA-A3, A11, A26, A28, B3, B5, B7, B8, DR1, and DRW9 . [21],[22],[23],[24] In Chinese patients, an increase in HLA-DR9 and Te 22 antigens has also been noted. [25]
Dental materials
A great many materials commonly used in restoration treatments in the oral cavity have been identified as triggering elements for OLP, including silver amalgam, gold, cobalt, palladium, chromium and even non-metals such as epoxy resins (composite) and prolonged use of denture wear. [26],[27],[28],[29]
Drugs
Oral lichenoid drug reactions may be triggered by systemic drugs including NSAIDs, beta blockers, sulfonylureas, some angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and some antimalarials, contact allergens including toothpaste flavorings, especially cinnamates. [26],[30]
Infectious agents
OLP has been suggested to be related to bacteria such as a Gram-negative anaerobic bacillus and spirochetes but this has not been confirmed. [28] Some of the studies reveal the role of Helicobacter pylori (HP) in the etiology of OLP. [31],[32] However, no evidence of its role has been detected in OLP in some recent studies. [33] Recently, it has been found in some literature that few periodontopathogenic microorganisms are also associated with the patients of OLP. [34] Role of candida infection is controversial in OLP. Several studies have shown an increased prevalence of candida species. [28] However, some studies reveal that there is an insignificant association between candida infection and OLP. [35],[36] OLP has been found to be associated with various viral agents such as human papilloma virus (HPV), [37],[38],[39],[40] Epstein Barr virus (EBV), [41] human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) [39] and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). [42] Epidemiological evidences from various studies worldwide strongly suggest that hepatitis C virus (HCV) may be an etiologic factor in OLP. [43],[44] In OLP, HCV replication has been reported in the epithelial cells from mucosa of LP lesions by reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction or in-situ hybridization; also, HCV-specific CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes were reported in the subepithelial band. These probably suggest that HCV-specific T lymphocytes may play a role in the pathogenesis of OLP. The putative pathogenetic link between OLP and HCV still remains controversial and needs a lot of prospective and interventional studies for a better understanding. [45]
Autoimmunity
OLP may occasionally be associated with autoimmune disorders such as primary biliary cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis, ulcerative colitis, myasthenia gravis, and thymoma. [46]
Bowel disease
Bowel diseases occasionally described concomitant with OLP include coeliac disease, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [47]
Food allergies
Food and some of food additives such as cinnamon aldehyde have been found to be associated with OLP. [28]
Stress
One of the factors responsible for the development of OLP is anxiety and stress. Some of the studies in literature reveal the role of the psychological stress in the etiology of OLP. [48],[49],[50]
Habits
Although most patients with OLP show no increased prevalence of cigarette smoking, [51] it has been suggested to be an etiological factor in some Indian communities. [52] Betel nut chewing is also more prevalent in Indian patients with OLP than in those without. [53],[54],[55]
Trauma
Trauma as such has not been quoted as an etiological factor in LP, although it may be the mechanism by which other etiological factors exert their effects. [28]
Diabetes and hypertension
Studies have revealed that both diabetes mellitus (DM) and high blood pressure are associated with OLP. [56],[57],[58],[59]
(Greenspan syndrome: Triad of DM, hypertension and OLP)
Malignant neoplasms
LP has been observed on the skin and/or mucosae of patients affected by a range of different neoplasms such as with breast cancer and metastatic adenocarcinoma. [28]
Miscellaneous associations
OLP has occasionally been associated with other conditions, including psoriasis, lichen sclerosis, urolithiasis, agents used to treat gall stones, Turner's syndrome, etc. [28]
| Pathogenesis | | |
OLP is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease in which the auto-cytotoxic CD8 + T cells trigger apoptosis of the basal cells of the oral epithelium. [60]
An early event in the disease mechanism involves keratinocyte antigen expression or unmasking of an antigen that may be a self-peptide or a heat shock protein. [61] Following this, T cells (mostly CD8+, and some CD4 + cells) migrate into the epithelium either due to random encounter of antigen during routine surveillance or a chemokine-mediated migration toward basal keratinocytes. These migrated CD8 + cells are activated directly by an antigen binding to major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-1 on keratinocyte or through activated CD4 + lymphocytes. In addition, the number of Langerhans cells in OLP lesions is increased along with upregulation of MHC-II expression; subsequent antigen presentation to CD4 + cells and interleukin (IL)-12 activates CD4 + T helper cells which activate CD8 + T cells through receptor interaction, interferon γ (INF-γ) and IL-2. The activated CD8 + T cells in turn kill the basal keratinocytes through tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Fas-FasL-mediated or granzyme B-activated apoptosis. [62]
| A Cytokine-Mediated Lymphocyte Homing Mechanism | | |
In OLP, there is increased expression of the vascular adhesion molecules (VAM), that is, CD62E, CD54, and CD106, by the endothelial cells of the sub-epithelial vascular plexus. The infiltrating lymphocytes express reciprocal receptors (CD11a) to these VAM. Some of the cytokines that are responsible for the upregulation of the VAM are: TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-1. [63]
Nonspecific mechanisms like mast cell degranulation and MMP-1 activation further aggravate the T-cell accumulation, BM disruption by mast cell proteases and keratinocyte apoptosis. [64] The normal integrity of the BM is maintained by a living basal keratinocyte due to its secretion of collagen 4 and laminin 5 into the epithelial BM zone. In turn, keratinocytes require a BM-derived cell survival signal to prevent the onset of its apoptosis. Apoptotic keratinocytes are no longer able to perform this function, which results in disruption of the BM. Again, a non-intact BM cannot send a cell survival signal. This sets in a vicious cycle which relates to the chronic nature of the disease. [65]
The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) are principally involved in tissue matrix protein degradation. MMP-9, which cleaves collagen 4, along with its activators is upregulated in OLP lesional T cells, resulting in increased BM disruption. [66]
RANTES (Regulated on Activation, Normal T-cell Expressed and Secreted) is a member of the CC chemokine family which plays a critical role in the recruitment of lymphocytes and mast cells in OLP. The recruited mast cell undergoes degranulation under the influence of RANTES, which releases chymase and TNF-α. These substances upregulate RANTES secretion by OLP lesional T cells. [67]
Weak expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 has been found in OLP. TGF-β1 deficiency may predispose to autoimmune lymphocytic inflammation. The balance between TGF-β1 and IFN-γ determines the level of immunological activity in OLP lesions. Local overproduction of IFN-γ by CD4 + T cells in OLP lesions downregulates the immunosuppressive effect of TGF-β1 and upregulates keratinocyte MHC class II expression and CD8 + cytotoxic T-cell activity. [68]
| Clinical Features | | |
The cutaneous lesions of LP are characterized by 5 ps: Purple, polygonal, pruritic papules and plaque. [14] Initially, LP is evident as a cutaneous and mucosal eruption, though rarely it can manifest with only oral or nail findings. LP usually begins as discrete, flat-topped papules that are 3 to 15 mm in diameter which may coalesce into larger plaques. Early in course of the disease they appear red, but soon they take on reddish purple or violaceous hue. The center of the papule may be slightly umblicated and its surface is covered by characteristic, very fine grayish white lines, called Wickham striae. The lesions can occur anywhere on the skin surface but often are located on the flexor surfaces of limbs, inner aspects of knees and thighs and trunk and also may appear on lines of trauma, reflecting the Köbner phenomenon. [7] The face frequently remains uninvolved. The primary symptom of LP is severe pruritis. The severity of pruritus varies. [16] Some patients report genital involvement with features similar to skin lesions. [69] scalp involvement (lichen planopilaris), and nail beds. [14] Rarely, there is laryngeal, esophageal and conjunctival involvement. [62]
| Oral Manifestations | | |
In the oral cavity, the disease assumes somewhat different clinical appearance than on the skin, and is characterized by lesions consisting of radiating white, gray, velvety, thread-like papules in a linear, annular and retiform arrangement forming typical lacy, reticular patches, rings and streakes. A tiny white elevated dot is present at the intersection of white lines known here as striae of Wickham as compared to Wickham striae in skin. [16] The lesions are asymptomatic, bilaterally/symmetrically anywhere in the oral cavity, [70] but most common on buccal mucosa, tongue, lips, gingiva, floor of mouth, palate and may appear weeks or months before the appearance of cutaneous lesions.
OLP has six classical clinical presentations [Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6] described in the literature: [2]
- Reticular
- Erosive
- Atrophic
- Plaque-like
- Papular
- Bullous.
Reticular | Figure 1: Reticular type lichen planus− on the lips and mucosa of the cheek
Click here to view |
 | Figure 2: Erosive type lichen planus− ulcerated lesion in the buccal mucosa with erythematous borders
Click here to view |
 | Figure 3: Atrophic type lichen planus− sometimes representing as desquamative gingivitis
Click here to view |
It is the most common clinical form of this disease and presents with fi ne, asymptomatic intertwined lace-like pattern called "Wickham striae" in a bilateral symmetrical form and involves the posterior mucosa of the cheek in most cases.
Erosive
This is the most significant form of the disease because it shows symptomatic lesions often surrounded by fine radiant keratinized striae with a network appearance. [20]
Atrophic
It exhibits diffuse red lesions and it may resemble the combination of two clinical forms, such as the presence of white striae characteristic of the reticular type surrounded by an erythematous area. [2]
Plaque-like
This type shows whitish homogeneous irregularities similar to leukoplakia; it mainly involves the dorsum of the tongue and the mucosa of the cheek. [2]
Papular
This form is rarely observed and is normally followed by some other type of variant described. It presents with small white papules with fine striae in its periphery. [2]
Bullous
It is the most unusual clinical form, exhibiting blisters that increase in size and tend to rupture, leaving the surface ulcerated and painful. Nikolsky's sign may be positive.
| Gingival Involvement | | |
The gingival lesions in LP fall into one or more of the following categories [Figure 2]: [2]
Keratotic lesions are usually present on the attached gingiva as small raised round white papules of pinhead size with a flattened surface.
Vesiculo-bullous lesions are other mucocutaneous disorders especially pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis, or linear IgA disease. [71]
Atrophic and Erosive: Produce the desquamative gingivitis.
The triad constituted by desquamative or erosive LP involving the vulva, vagina and gingiva is termed as vulvovaginal-gingival syndrome. [72]
| Diagnosis | | |
The history, typical oral lesions and skin or nail involvement are usually sufficient to make a clinical diagnosis of OLP. However, a biopsy is the recommended procedure to differentiate it from other lesions.
| Histopathology | | |
The classic histopathologic features of OLP include liquefactive degeneration of the basal cell accompanied by apoptosis of the keratinocytes, a dense band-like lymphocytic infiltrate [Figure 7] at the interface between the epithelium and the connective tissue, focal areas of hyperkeratinized epithelium (which give rise to the clinically apparent Wickham's striae) and occasional areas of atrophic epithelium where the rete pegs may be shortened and pointed (a characteristic known as saw tooth rete pegs). Eosinophilic colloid bodies (Civatte bodies), which represent degenerating keratinocytes, are often visible in the lower half of the surface epithelium. [14] Degeneration of the basal keratinocytes and disruption of the anchoring elements of the epithelial BM and basal keratinocytes (e.g. hemi desmosomes, filaments, fibrils) weaken the epithelial connective tissue interface. As a result, histologic clefts (Max-Joseph spaces) may form and blisters on the oral mucosa (bullous LP) may be seen at clinical examination. B cells and plasma cells are uncommon findings. [18]
| Direct Immunofluorescence | | |
Immunoglobulin or complement deposits are not a consistent feature of OLP. In some instances, fibrinogen and fibrin are deposited in a linear pattern in the BM zone. Colloid bodies contain fibrin, IgM, C3, C4, and keratin. Laminin and fibronectin staining may be absent in areas of heavy fibrin deposition and colloid body formation. This finding suggests BM damage in these areas. In OLP, electron microscopy (EM) is used principally as a research tool. The ultrastructure of the colloid bodies suggests that they are apoptotic keratinocytes, and recent studies using the end labeling method revealed DNA fragmentation in these cells. EM shows breaks, branches, and duplications of the epithelial BM in OLP. [18]
| Serology | | |
There are no consistent serological changes associated with OLP but some patients do present an elevated antinuclear antibody (ANA) titer.
| Hematological Investigations | | |
Blood biochemistry and full blood examination (FBE) should also be included in the full patient workup.
| Cytology | | |
Although cytological changes may be detected in OLP, the use of exfoliative cytology is not recommended. [62] Some studies show an increased incidence of C. albicans infection in patients with OLP. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining of biopsy specimens and candidal cultures or smears may be performed. [18]
| Differential Diagnosis | | |
The differential diagnosis can include cheek chewing/frictional keratosis, leukoplakia, lichenoid reactions, leukoplakia, lupus erythematous, pemphigus, mucus membrane pemphigoid, para neoplastic pemphigus, erythematous candidiasis and chronic ulcerative stomatitis, Graft vs. host disease. [3]
| Malignant Potential of OLP | | |
Malignant transformation of OLP remains a very controversial issue. [62] At least some reported cases diagnosed originally as OLP on clinical and/or histological grounds were probably epithelial dysplasia (lichenoid dysplasia) that progressed subsequently to overt squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). [73] The OLP lesions are consistently more persistent than the dermal lesions and have been reported to carry a risk of malignant transformation to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) of 1-2% (reported range of malignant transformation 0- 12.5%). [74] Erythroplastic lesions may also occur in OLP. They develop in approximately 1% of the patients and are sharp with slight reddish depressions. [2] In most cases, malignant transformation to carcinoma in situ (28.5%) and in micro invasive carcinoma (30-38%) is observed, less frequently stage I and II carcinoma. Oral cancer-correlated OLP predisposes to the development of multiple primary metachronous tumors of the oral cavity and of lymph node metastases.[75],[76]
| Management | | |
The principal aims of current OLP therapy are the resolution of painful symptoms, oral mucosal lesions, the reduction of the risk of oral cancer, and the maintenance of good oral hygiene. Eliminate the local exacerbating factors as preventive measures. Up to now different therapies are described for OLP including drug therapy, surgery, psoralen with ultraviolet light A (PUVA), and laser. Use of novel drug therapy is the most common method for treatment of OLP. Different drugs have been used in the form of topical and systemic application for the treatment of OLP. [77] Drugs used in topical form are corticosteroids, immunosuppressives, retinoids, and immunomodulators. Drugs which are used systemically are thalidomide, metronidazole, griseofulvin, and hydroxychloroquine, some retinoids and corticosteroids. Small and accessible erosive lesions located on the gingiva and palate can be treated by the use of an adherent paste in the form of a custom tray, which allows for accurate control over the contact time and ensures that the entire lesional surface is exposed to the drugs. [3]
Local drug delivery can provide a more targeted and efficient drug-delivery option than systemic delivery for diseases of the oral mucosa. The main advantages of local drug delivery include (i) reduced systemic side effects, (ii) more efficient delivery as a smaller amount of drug is wasted or lost elsewhere in the body, and (iii) targeted delivery as drugs can be targeted to the diseased site more easily when delivered locally, thereby reducing side effects. [78] However, potential for novel drug delivery systems in dentistry has not yet been fully realized and further research is still needed in order to improve treatment outcomes.
Surgical excision, cryotherapy, CO 2 laser, and ND:YAG laser have all been used in the treatment of OLP. In general, surgery is reserved to remove high-risk dysplastic areas.
Photo chemotherapy, a new method in which clinician uses ultraviolet A (UVA) with wavelengths ranging from the 320 to 400 nm, after the injection of psoralen is also used. Relaxation, meditation and hypnosis have positive impact on many cutaneous diseases and help to calm and rebalance the inflammatory response which can ameliorate inflammatory skin disorders.
| Conclusion | | |
OLP is a very common oral dermatitis and is one of the most frequent mucosal pathoses encountered by dental practitioners. It is imperative that the lesion is identified precisely and proper treatment be administered at the earliest. A proper understanding of the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis of the disease becomes important for providing the right treatment.
| References | | |
| 1. | Mehrotra V, Devi P, Bhovi TV, Jyoti B. Mouth as a mirror of systemic diseases. Gomal J Med Sci 2010;8:235-41.  |
| 2. | Canto AM, Müller H, Freitas RR, Santos PS. Oral lichen planus (OLP): Clinical and complementary diagnosis. An Bras Dermatol 2010;85:669-75. |
| 3. | Lavanya N, Jayanthi P, Rao UK, Ranganathan K. Oral lichen planus: An update on pathogenesis and treatment. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2011;15:127-32. [ PUBMED]  |
| 4. | Gupta SB, Chaudhari ND, Gupta A, Talanikar HV. Int J Pharm Biomed Sci 2013;4:59-65. |
| 5. | Wilson E. Oralleichenplanus. J Cutan Med Dis Skin 1869;3:117-32. |
| 6. | Rhodus NL, Myers S, Kaimal S. Diagnosis and management of oral lichen planus. Northwest Dent 2003;82:17-9. |
| 7. | Sharma A, Bia³ynicki-Birula R, Schwartz RA, Janniger CK. Lichen planus: An update and review. Cutis 2012;90:17-23. |
| 8. | Kaposi, M. Lichen ruberpemphigoides. Arch DermatolSyph (Berl) 1892;24:343-6. |
| 9. | Wickham LF. Sur unsigne pathognomoniquedelichen du Wilson (lichen plan) stries et punctuations grisatres. Ann Dermatol Syph 1895;6:17-20. |
| 10. | Black MM. The pathogenesis of lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 1972;86:302-5. |
| 11. | Kaposi M. Pathology and Treatment of Diseases of the skin for practitioners and students. Translation of the Last German Edition under the Supervision of James C. Johnston, MD. New York, NY: William Wood and Company; 1895. |
| 12. | Le Cleach L, Chosidow O. Clinical practice. Lichen planus. N Engl J Med 2012;366:723-32. |
| 13. | Singh OP, Kanwar AJ. Lichen planus in India: An appraisal of 441 cases. Int J Dermatol 1976;15:752-6. |
| 14. | Edwards PC, Kelsch R. Oral lichen planus: Clinical presentation and management. J Can Dent Assoc 2002;68:494-9. |
| 15. | Ismail SB, Kumar SK, Zain RB. Oral lichen planus and lichenoid reactions; Etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, management and malignant transformation. J Oral Sci 2007;49:89-106. |
| 16. | Shafer WG, Hine MK, Levy BM. Shafer's textbook of oral pathology.6 th ed. Elsevier publications: Noida, India 2009. p. 800. |
| 17. | Boorghani M, Gholizadeh N, Zenouz AT, Vatankhah M, Mehdipour M. Oral lichen planus: Clinical features, etiology, treatment and management; A review of literature. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospect 2010;4:3-9. |
| 18. | Shekar C, Ganesan S. Oral lichen planus: Review. J Dent Sci Res 2011 ; 2:1:62-87. |
| 19. | Sousa FA, Rosa LE. Oral lichen planus: Clinical and histopathological considerations. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2008;74:284-92. |
| 20. | Sharma S, Saimbi CS, Koirala B. Erosive oral lichen planus and its management: A case series. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2008;47:86-90. |
| 21. | Ognjenovic M, Karelovic D, Cindro VV, Tadin I. Oral lichen planus and HLA A. Coll Antropol 1998;22:89-92. |
| 22. | McCartan BE, Lamey PJ. Expression of CD1 and HLA-DR by Langerhans cells (LC) in oral lichenoid drug eruptions (LDE) and idiopathic oral lichen planus (LP). J Oral Pathol Med 1997;26:176-80. |
| 23. | Watanabe T, Ohishi M, Tanaka K, Sato H. Analysis of HLA antigens in Japanese with oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol 1986;15:529-33. |
| 24. | Porter K, Klouda P, Scully C, Bidwell J, Porter S. Class I and II HLA antigens in British patients with oral lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1993;75:176-80. |
| 25. | Sun A, Wu YC, Wang JT, Liu BY, Chiang CP. Association of HLA-te22 antigen with anti-nuclear antibodies in Chinese patients with erosive oral lichen planus. Proc Natl Sci Counc Repub China B 2000;24:63-9. |
| 26. | Serrano-Sánchez P, Bagán JV, Jiménez-Soriano, Sarrión G. Drug induced oral lichenoid reactions. A literature review. J Clin Exp Dent 2010;2:e71-5. |
| 27. | Scully C, Carrozzo M. Oral mucosal disease: Lichen planus. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008;46:15-21. |
| 28. | Scully C, Beyli M, Ferreiro MC, Ficarra G, Gill Y, Griffiths M, et al. Update on oral lichen planus: Etiopathogenesis and management. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1998;9:86-122. |
| 29. | Issa Y, Brunton PA, Glenny AM, Duxbury AJ. Healing of oral lichenoid lesions after replacing amalgam restorations: A systematic review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;98:553-65. |
| 30. | Wray D, Rees SR, Gibson J, Forsyth A. The role of allergy in oral mucosal leisons. QJM 2000;93:507-11. |
| 31. | Moravvej H, Hoseini H, Barikbin B, Malekzadeh R, Razavi GM. Association of Helicobacter pylori with lichen planus. Indian J Dermatol 2007;52:138-40. |
| 32. | Vainio E, Huovinen S, Liutu M, Uksila J, Leino R. Peptic ulcer and Helicobacter pylori in patients with lichen planus. Acta Derm Venereol 2000;80:427-9. |
| 33. | Hulimavu SR, Mohanty L, V Tondikulam N, Shenoy S, Jamadar S, Bhadranna A. No evidence for Helicobacter pylori in oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol Med 2014;43:576-8. |
| 34. | Ertugrul AS, Arslan U, Dursun R, Hakki SS. Periodontopathogen profile of healthy and oral lichen planus patients with gingivitis or periodontitis. Int J Oral Sci 2013;5:92-7. |
| 35. | Mehdipour M, Zenouz AT, Hekmatfar S, Adibpour M, Bahramian A, Khorshidi R. Prevalence of Candida species in erosive oral lichen planus. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospect 2010;4:14-6. |
| 36. | Shivanandappa SG, Ali IM, Sabarigirinathan C, Mushannavar LS. Candida in oral lichen planus. J Indian Aca Oral Med Radiol 2012;24:182-5. |
| 37. | Campisi G, Giovannelli L, Aricò P, Lama A, Di Liberto C, Ammatuna P, et al. HPV DNA in clinically different variants of oral leukoplakia and lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;98:705-11. |
| 38. | Gorsky M, Epstein JB. Oral lichen planus: Malignant transformation and human papilloma virus: A review of potential clinical implications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2011;111:461-4. |
| 39. | Yildirim B, Senguven B, Demir C. Prevalence of herpes simplex, Epstein Barr and human papilloma viruses in oral lichen planus. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2011;16:e170-4. |
| 40. | Wen S, Tsuji T, Li X, Mizugaki Y, Hayatsu Y, Shinozaki F. Detection and analysis of human papillomavirus 16 and 18 homologous DNA sequences in oral lesions. Anticancer Res 1997;17:307-11. |
| 41. | Sand LP, Jalouli J, Larsson PA, Hirsch JM. Prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus in oral squamous cell carcinoma, oral lichen planus, and normal oral mucosa. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2002;93:586-92. |
| 42. | Kumari R, Singh N, Thappa DM. Hypertrophic lichen planus and HIV infection. Indian J Dermatol 2009;54:S8-10. |
| 43. | Konidena A, Pavani BV. Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with oral lichen planus. Niger J Clin Pract 2011;14:228-31. [ PUBMED] |
| 44. | Oliveira Alves MG, Almeida JD, Guimarães Cabral LA. Association between hepatitis C virus and oral lichen planus: HCV and oral Lichen Planus. Hepat Mon 2011;11:132-3. |
| 45. | Patil S, Khandelwal S, Rahman F, Kaswan S, Tipu S. Epidemiological relationship of oral lichen planus to hepatitis C virus in an Indian population. Oral Health Dent Manag 2012;11:199-205. |
| 46. | Abbate G, Foscolo AM, Gallotti M, Lancella A, Mingo F. Neoplastic transformation of oral lichen: Case report and review of the literature. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 2006;26:47-52. |
| 47. | Georgakopoulou EA, Achtari MD, Achtaris M, Foukas PG, Kotsinas A. Oral lichen planus as a preneoplastic inflammatory model. J Biomed Biotech 2012;12:1-9. |
| 48. | Eltawil M, Sediki N, Hassan H. Psychobiological aspects of patients with lichen planus. Curr Psychiatr 2009;16:370-80. |
| 49. | Chaudhary S. Psychosocial stressors in oral lichen planus. Aus Dent J 2004;49:192-5. |
| 50. | Bajaj DR, Khoso NA, Devrajani BR, Matlani BL, Lohana P. Oral lichen planus: A clinical study. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2010;20:154-7. |
| 51. | Rajendran R. Oral lichen planus. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2005;9:3-5. |
| 52. | Gorsky M, Epstein JB, Hasson-Kanfi H, Kaufman E. Smoking habits among patients diagnosed with oral lichen planus. Tob Induc Dis 2004;2:103-8. |
| 53. | Trivedy CR, Craig G, Warnakulasuriy S. The oral health consequences of chewing areca nut. Addict Biol 2002;7:115-25. |
| 54. | Stoopler ET, Parisi E, Sollecito TP. Betel quid-induced oral lichen planus: A case report. Cutis 2003;71:307-11. |
| 55. | Reichart PA, Warnakulasuriya S. Oral lichenoid contact lesions induced by areca nut and betel quid chewing: A mini review. J Investig Clin Dent 2012;3:163-6. |
| 56. | Torrente-Castells E, Figueiredo R, Berini-Aytés L, Gay-Escoda C. Clinical features of oral lichen planus. A retrospective study of 65 cases. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2010;15:e685-90. |
| 57. | Albrecht M, Bánóczy J, Dinya E, Tamás G Jr. Occurrence of oral leukoplakia and lichen planus in diabetes mellitus. J Oral Pathol Med 1992;21:364-6. |
| 58. | Ahmed I, Nasreen S, Jehangir U, Wahid Z. Frequency of oral lichen planus in patients with noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Pak Assoc Derm 2012;22:30-4. |
| 59. | Lundström IM. Incidence of diabetes mellitus in patients with oral lichen planus. Int J Oral Surg 1983:12:147-52. |
| 60. | Eversole LR. Immunopathogenesis of oral lichen planus and recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Semin Cutan Med Surg 1997;16:284-94. |
| 61. | Zhou XJ, Sugarman PB, Savage NW, Walsh LJ, Seymour GJ. Intra-epithelial CD8+T cells and basement membrane disruption in oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol Med 2002;31:23-7. |
| 62. | Sugerman PB, Satterwhite K, Bigby M. Autocytotoxic T-cell clones in lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:449-56. |
| 63. | Regezi JA, Dekker NP, MacPhail LA, Lozada-Nur F, McCalmont TH. Vascular adhesion molecules in oral lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1996;81:682-90. |
| 64. | Srinivas K, Aravinda K, Ratnakar P, Nigam N, Gupta S. Oral lichen planus-Review on etiopathogenesis. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2011;2:15-6. [ PUBMED] |
| 65. | Lodi G, Scully C, Carozzo M, Griffiths M, Sugerman PB, Thongprasom K. Current controversies in oral lichen planus: Report on an international consensus meeting. Part 1. Viral infections and etiopathogenesis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2005;100:40-51. |
| 66. | Zhou XJ, Sugerman PB, Savage NW, Walsh LJ. Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in oral lichen planus. J Cutan Pathol 2001;28:72-82. |
| 67. | Zhao ZZ, Sugerman PB, Zhou XJ, Walsh LJ, Savage NW. Mast cell degranulation and the role of T cell RANTES in oral lichen planus. Oral Dis 2001;7:246-51. |
| 68. | Roopashree MR, Gondhalekar RV, Shashikanth MC, George J, Thippeswamy SH, Shukla A. Pathogenesis of oral lichen planus-a review. J Oral Pathol Med 2010;39:729-34. |
| 69. | Davarmanesh M, Dehaghani AS, Deilami Z, Monabbati A, Dastgheib L. Frequency of genital involvement in women with oral lichen planus in southern Iran. Derm Res Prac 2012;1-7. |
| 70. | Radwan-Oczko M. Topical application of drugs used in treatment of oral lichen planus lesions. Adv Clin Exp Med 2013;22:893-8. |
| 71. | Porter SR, Bain SE, Scully CM. Linear IgA disease manifesting as recalcitrant desquamative gingivitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1992;74:179-82. |
| 72. | Pelisse M. The vulvo-vaginal-gingival syndrome: A new form of erosive lichen planus. Int J Dermatol 1989;28:381-4. |
| 73. | Krutchkoff DJ, Eisenberg E. Lichenoid dysplasia: A distinct histopathologic entity. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1985;60:308-15. |
| 74. | Gonzalez-Moles MA, Scully C, Gil-Montoya JA. Oral lichen planus: Controversies surrounding malignant transformation. Oral Dis 2008;14:229-43. |
| 75. | Mignogna MD, Lo Muzio L, Lo Rosso L, Fedele S, Ruoppo E, Bucci E. Clinical guidelines in early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma arising in oral lichen planus: A 5- year experience. Oral Oncol 2001;37:262-7. |
| 76. | Mignogna MD, Lo Russo L, Fedele S, Ruoppo E, Califano L, Lo Muzio L. Clinical behaviour of malignant transforming oral lichen planus. Eur J Surg Oncol 2002;28:838-43. |
| 77. | Sahebjamee M, Arbabi-Kalati F. Management of oral lichen planus. Arch Iranian Med 2005;8:252-6. |
| 78. | Mishra SS, Maheshwari T. NU. Local drug delivery in the treatment of oral lichen planus: A systematic review. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2014;5:716-21. |
What is new?
Lichen planus is one of mucocutaneous disorder in which oral involvement
precedes the appearance of other symptoms or lesions at other locations. Etiology of lichen planus as such is not known clearly, but at present it has been linked to autoimmune disorder For a general practitioner it is very important to know the important clinical features, diagnosis and treatment plan for this disease to differentiate it from other lesions. Now a days novel drug therapy and use of custom trays are of special concern for a dentist in management of oral lichen planus lesions.
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6], [Figure 7] |
|
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
The association between high-risk human papillomavirus and oral lichen planus |
|
| Maryam Mohammadi, Hamid Abbaszadeh, Nooshin Mohtasham, Hamid Salehiniya, Ebrahim Shafaie | | Clinical and Experimental Dental Research. 2023; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Efficacy of Topical Treatments for the Management of Symptomatic Oral Lichen Planus: A Systematic Review |
|
| Giorgio Serafini, Alberto De Biase, Luca Lamazza, Giulia Mazzucchi, Marco Lollobrigida | | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(2): 1202 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Vitamin D in the Treatment of Oral Lichen Planus: A Systematic Review |
|
| Shazina Saeed, Priyadarshini Choudhury, Syed Ansar Ahmad, Tanveer Alam, Rajat Panigrahi, Shahid Aziz, Sultan Mohammed Kaleem, Smita R. Priyadarshini, Pradyumna Ku Sahoo, Shamimul Hasan | | Biomedicines. 2022; 10(11): 2964 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Secondary Oral Cancer after Systemic Treatment of Hematological Malignancies and Oral GVHD: A Systematic Review |
|
| Aleksandra Janowiak-Majeranowska, Jakub Osowski, Boguslaw Mikaszewski, Alan Majeranowski | | Cancers. 2022; 14(9): 2175 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Lipid Profiles and Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Oral Lichen Planus |
|
| Tomislav Radic, Livia Cigic, Ana Glavina, Ana Hrboka, Ana Druzijanic, Ivona Musa Leko, Dolores Biocina-Lukenda | | Dentistry Journal. 2022; 10(4): 61 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Morphological Changes in the Oral Mucous Membrane in Viral Hepatitis C Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study |
|
| Vahe Azatyan, Lazar Yessayan, Aelita Sargsyan, Anna Khachatryan, Tigran Ghevondyan, Melanya Shmavonyan, Gayane Melik-Andreasyan, Kristina Porksheyan, Mikael Manrikyan | | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(15): 9003 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
1,25(
OH
)
2
D
3
blocks
IFNß
production through regulating
STING
in epithelial layer of or |
|
| Xuejun Ge, Yaxian Wang, Hanting Xie, Ran Li, Fang Zhang, Bin Zhao, Jie Du | | Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Efficacy and safety of a novel mucoadhesive clobetasol patch for treatment of erosive oral lichen planus: A phase 2 randomized clinical trial |
|
| Michael T. Brennan, Lars Siim Madsen, Deborah P. Saunders, Joel J. Napenas, Christine McCreary, Richeal Ni Riordain, Anne Marie Lynge Pedersen, Stefano Fedele, Richard J. Cook, Rafik Abdelsayed, Maria T. Llopiz, Vidya Sankar, Kevin Ryan, Donna A. Culton, Yousra Akhlef, Fausto Castillo, Inti Fernandez, Sabine Jurge, Alexander R. Kerr, Chad McDuffie, Tim McGaw, Alan Mighell, Thomas P. Sollecito, Thomas Schlieve, Marco Carrozzo, Athena Papas, Thomas Bengtsson, Ibtisam Al-Hashimi, Laurie Burke, Nancy W. Burkhart, Shauna Culshaw, Bhavik Desai, Jens Hansen, Pia Jensen, Torkil Menné, Paras B. Patel, Martin Thornhill, Nathaniel Treister, Thomas Ruzicka | | Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Evaluation of Oral Dryness and the Salivary-flow Rate in Patients with Oral Lichen Planus |
|
| Varisa Assapattarapun, Sineepat Talungchit, Pimporn Jirawechwongsakul, Patrayu Taebunpakul | | The Open Dentistry Journal. 2022; 16(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Apremilast in the Management of Lichen Planus |
|
| Vishalakshi Viswanath, Pradnya Joshi, Mayuri Dhakne, Dhiraj Dhoot, Namrata Mahadkar, Hanmant Barkate | | Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology. 2022; Volume 15: 2593 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Experimental and clinical trial investigations of phyto-extracts, phyto-chemicals and phyto-formulations in the treatment of oral lichen planus: A systematic review |
|
| Alaka Sahoo, Ajaya K. Jena, Maitreyee Panda | | Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2022; : 115591 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Reveals of quercetin’s therapeutic effects on oral lichen planus based on network pharmacology approach and experimental validation |
|
| Zhibai Zhao, Linglin Wang, Mengna Zhang, Chenyu Zhou, Yanting Wang, Jiangmin Ma, Yuan Fan | | Scientific Reports. 2022; 12(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
Efficacy and Safety of Oral Methotrexate versus Oral Mini Pulse Betamethasone Therapy in the Treatment of Lichen Planus: A Comparative Study. |
|
| Nagwa Mohammad Elwan, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Mohamed M. Fawzy, Nour alhuda Gamal Alsakaan | | Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2022; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
A comprehensive summary of disease variants implicated in metal allergy |
|
| Ka Roach, Jr Roberts | | Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B. 2022; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 15 |
Can Helicobacter pylori serve as a trigger for oral lichen planus? |
|
| Hamideh Moravvej, Mohammad Shahidi-Dadras, Hamed Memariani, Mojtaba Memariani, Reza Mahmoud Robati, Mehdi Gheisari | | Reviews in Medical Microbiology. 2022; 33(1): e57 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
A closer look at the mycobiome in Alzheimer's disease: Fungal species, pathogenesis and transmission |
|
| Zhi Xin Phuna, Priya Madhavan | | European Journal of Neuroscience. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
DNA Fragmentation and mRNA Expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, p53, p21 and HSP70 Genes in Nondysplastic and Dysplastic Oral Lichen Planus |
|
| Abhishek Jana, Jincy Thomas, Pratiti Ghosh | | Contemporary Clinical Dentistry. 2022; 13(3): 249 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 18 |
Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of topical Amlexanox 5%, Triamcinolone Acetonide 0.1%, and Tacrolimus 0.03% in the treatment of oral erosive lichen planus – A double-blinded randomized clinical trial |
|
| Vaibhav Seth, RajendraG Patil, Ganapathi Moger, Udita Singh, Abhinav Sharma, Smriti Saxena | | Journal of Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology. 2022; 34(2): 136 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 19 |
A comparison of proliferative capacity of reticular and erosive variants of oral lichen planus by argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions method |
|
| SwatiShrikant Gotmare, AnishA Gupta, Mandavi Waghmare, Pratibha Kavle, Asha Rathod, Sushma Sonawne, Treville Pereira | | Journal of Microscopy and Ultrastructure. 2022; 0(0): 0 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 20 |
Efficacy of Spirulina 500 mg vs Triamcinolone Acetonide 0.1% for the Treatment of Oral Lichen Planus: A Randomized Clinical Trial |
|
| Shankargouda Patil, Prashanth Panta, Nallan CSK Chaitanya, Diksha Chikte, Yellarthi Pavan Kumar, Garlapati Komali, Sandhya Pavankumar Yellarthi, Chelluri Shreya Reddy, Divya P Harika, Somavarapu Haritha, Wasan AM Al Taie, Nur A Hatab | | The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2022; 23(5): 552 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 21 |
Gold Dental Implant-Induced Oral Lichen Planus |
|
| Taha F Rasul, Jackson Anderson, Daniel R Bergholz, Arfa Faiz, Rishi R Prasad | | Cureus. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 22 |
Zosteriform Lichen Planus on the Trunk: A Case Report of a Rare Clinical Entity |
|
| Fedaa Andijani | | Cureus. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 23 |
Coexistence of Multiple Potentially Malignant Disorders: A Case Report |
|
| Jagat Reddy, Akshaya Thiruvalluvan | | Journal of Scientific Dentistry. 2021; 11(1): 26 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 24 |
Diagnosis and management of oral lichen planus – Review |
|
| N Gururaj, P Hasinidevi, V Janani, T Divynadaniel | | Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 2021; 25(3): 383 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 25 |
Evaluation of the altered tissue expression of HSP60 and HSP70 genes in oral and cutaneous lichen planus compared to normal healthy tissues |
|
| Nooshin Mohtasham, Mehdi Shahabinejad, Somayeh Kafiroudi, Farnaz Mohajertehran | | Indian Journal of Dermatology. 2021; 66(6): 591 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 26 |
Association of childhood vaccination with pediatric lichen planus: A systematic review |
|
| Deepty Bansal, Mala Kamboj, Rahul Anand, Deepak Pandiar, Anjali Narwal, N. Sivakumar, Anju Devi | | International Journal of Dermatology. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 27 |
Effects of cold physical plasma on oral lichen planus: An in vitro study (
Effects of CAP on OLP
)
|
|
| Christian Seebauer, Eric Freund, Sybille Hasse, Vandana Miller, Maria Segebarth, Christian Lucas, Stefan Kindler, Tobias Dieke, Hans-Robert Metelmann, Georg Daeschlein, Katja Jesse, Klaus-Dieter Weltmann, Sander Bekeschus | | Oral Diseases. 2021; 27(7): 1728 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 28 |
The effectiveness of topical forms of dexamethasone in the treatment of oral lichen planus— A systematic review |
|
| Magdalena Lukaszewska-Kuska, Zuzanna Slebioda, Barbara Dorocka-Bobkowska | | Oral Diseases. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 29 |
The attentive focus on T cell-mediated autoimmune pathogenesis of psoriasis, lichen planus and vitiligo |
|
| Azin Aghamajidi, Ehsan Raoufi, Gilda Parsamanesh, Ahmad Jalili, Mohammad Salehi-Shadkami, Marjan Mehrali, Monireh Mohsenzadegan | | Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 2021; 93(4) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 30 |
Elevated Serum Interleukin-23 Levels in Patients with Oral and Cutaneous Lichen Planus |
|
| Maryam Mardani, Hossein Mofidi, Ladan Dastgheib, Sara Ranjbar, Nasrin Hamidizadeh, Mirella Giovarelli | | Mediators of Inflammation. 2021; 2021: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 31 |
Benefits of turmeric supplementation for skin health in chronic diseases: a systematic review |
|
| Isabella Rosa da Mata, Sheila Rosa da Mata, Rafaella Camara Rocha Menezes, Larissa Slongo Faccioli, Kathleen Krüger Bandeira, Simone Morelo Dal Bosco | | Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2021; 61(20): 3421 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 32 |
Preliminary evaluation of the utility of optical coherence tomography in detecting structural changes during photobiomodulation treatment in patients with atrophic-erosive oral lichen planus |
|
| Alessio Gambino, Marco Cabras, Adriana Cafaro, Roberto Broccoletti, Stefano Carossa, Colin Hopper, Davide Conrotto, Stephen R. Porter, Paolo G. Arduino | | Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy. 2021; 34: 102255 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 33 |
Crosstalk between the oral microbiota, mucosal immunity, and the epithelial barrier regulates oral mucosal disease pathogenesis |
|
| Dongjia Lin, Lisa Yang, Liling Wen, Huanzi Lu, Qianming Chen, Zhi Wang | | Mucosal Immunology. 2021; 14(6): 1247 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 34 |
Are fungi responsible for the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus? |
|
| Urmi Ghone, Gargi S Sarode, Namrata Sengupta, Sachin C Sarode | | Medical Hypotheses. 2021; 156: 110689 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 35 |
Oral potential malignant disorders – A long list not to be forgotten |
|
| Pirabu Sakthivel, Sarath Raveendran, Smriti Panda, Chirom Amit Singh | | Oral Oncology. 2021; 116: 105244 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 36 |
High-level laser therapy versus scalpel surgery in the treatment of oral lichen planus: a randomized control trial |
|
| Svetlana Tarasenko, Mikhail Stepanov, Elena Morozova, Alexey Unkovskiy | | Clinical Oral Investigations. 2021; 25(10): 5649 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 37 |
Oral lichen planus: a microbiologist point of view |
|
| Tomás G. Villa, Ángeles Sánchez-Pérez, Carmen Sieiro | | International Microbiology. 2021; 24(3): 275 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 38 |
Markers associated with malignant transformation of oral lichen planus: A review article |
|
| Narges Ghazi, Maryam Khorasanchi | | Archives of Oral Biology. 2021; 127: 105158 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 39 |
Inflammatory and immune-related factor Caspase 1 contributes to the development of oral lichen planus |
|
| Xuefang Zeng, Xue Luo, Xia Mao, Dada Wen, Huamin Zhang, Jie Wang | | Archives of Oral Biology. 2021; 131: 105244 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 40 |
Applications of Novel and Nanostructured Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Oral Cavity Diseases |
|
| Reza Hosseinpour-Moghadam, Fatemeh Mehryab, Maryam Torshabi, Azadeh Haeri | | Clinical Therapeutics. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 41 |
Oral Lichen Planus: A review of clinical features, etiologies, and treatments |
|
| Andrea Elenbaas, Reyes Enciso, Kamal Al-Eryani | | Dentistry Review. 2021; : 100007 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 42 |
Oral Health Messiers: Diabetes Mellitus Relevance |
|
| Rahnuma Ahmad, Mainul Haque | | Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy. 2021; Volume 14: 3001 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 43 |
MODERN ASPECTS OF THE PATHOGENESIS OF LICHEN PLANUS OF THE ORAL MUCOSA |
|
| Guzel' Akmalova, Sergey Chuykin, Nina Chernyshova, Vladimir Bikmurzin | | Actual problems in dentistry. 2021; 17(1): 44 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 44 |
FEATURES OF IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIVITY OF PATIENTS WITH LICHEN PLANUS OF THE ORAL MUCOSA |
|
| Vladimir Bikmurzin, Ludmila Balyabina, Irina Gimraniva, Guzel' Akmalova, Sergey Chuykin, Nina Chernyshova, Anna Yepishova | | Actual problems in dentistry. 2021; 17(3): 24 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 45 |
Clinical characteristics of oral lichen planus and its causal context with dental restorative materials and oral health-related quality of life |
|
| Linda Daume, Constance Kreis, Lauren Bohner, Susanne Jung, Johannes Kleinheinz | | BMC Oral Health. 2021; 21(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 46 |
Atypical oral candidiasis in a psoriatic patient during targeted immunotherapy with an interleukin 17 inhibitor (secukinumab) |
|
| Bruna Lavinas Sayed Picciani, Arkadiusz Dziedzic, Juliana Tristão Werneck, Marcello Alves Marinho, Thaylla Núñez Amin Dick, Nara Regina Quintanilha, Eliane Pedra Dias | | BMC Oral Health. 2021; 21(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 47 |
Steroids Alone, Versus Steroids with Antihistamines, in the Treatment of Oral Lichen Planus – A Comparative Study from Chennai, India |
|
| Deepigaa Manivasagam, Arvind Muthukrishnan | | Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2021; 10(37): 3277 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 48 |
Oral Microbiota: A Major Player in the Diagnosis of Systemic Diseases |
|
| Charlotte Thomas, Matthieu Minty, Alexia Vinel, Thibault Canceill, Pascale Loubières, Remy Burcelin, Myriam Kaddech, Vincent Blasco-Baque, Sara Laurencin-Dalicieux | | Diagnostics. 2021; 11(8): 1376 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 49 |
Correlation between Metal Ions and Cytokines in the Saliva of Patients with Oral Lichenoid Lesions |
|
| Hye-Min Ju, Sun-Nyoung Yu, Yong-Woo Ahn, Soo-Min Ok, Soon-Cheol Ahn, Sung-Hee Jeong | | Yonsei Medical Journal. 2021; 62(8): 767 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 50 |
Oxidative Stress in Cutaneous Lichen Planus—A Narrative Review |
|
| Simona Roxana Georgescu, Cristina Iulia Mitran, Madalina Irina Mitran, Ilinca Nicolae, Clara Matei, Corina Daniela Ene, Gabriela Loredana Popa, Mircea Tampa | | Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(12): 2692 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 51 |
Lichen Planus Activity and Damage Index (LiPADI)–Creation of the Questionnaire |
|
| Katarzyna Stepien, Ewa Zabska, Mansur Rahnama-Hezavah, Adam Reich | | Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 11(1): 23 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 52 |
Fractal Dimension and Texture Analysis of Lesion Autofluorescence in the Evaluation of Oral Lichen Planus Treatment Effectiveness |
|
| Kamil Jurczyszyn, Witold Trzeciakowski, Marcin Kozakiewicz, Dorota Kida, Katarzyna Malec, Bozena Karolewicz, Tomasz Konopka, Jacek Zborowski | | Materials. 2021; 14(18): 5448 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 53 |
Mucoadhesive Poloxamer-Based Hydrogels for the Release of HP-ß-CD-Complexed Dexamethasone in the Treatment of Buccal Diseases |
|
| Raul Diaz-Salmeron, Balthazar Toussaint, Nicolas Huang, Etienne Bourgeois Ducournau, Gabriel Alviset, Sophie Goulay Dufaÿ, Hervé Hillaireau, Amélie Dufaÿ Wojcicki, Vincent Boudy | | Pharmaceutics. 2021; 13(1): 117 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 54 |
Identificación de apoptosis liquen plano oral con caspasa 3 |
|
| Liset Eliana Osnaghi Díaz Colodrero, Víctor Fernández, Teresa Pombo, Claudio Modenutti, María Susana Briend | | Revista de la Asociación Dental Mexicana. 2020; 77(2): 70 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 55 |
Vitamin D receptor genetic polymorphisms are associated with oral lichen planus susceptibility in a Chinese Han population |
|
| Hong Shen, Qinglan Liu, Peng Huang, Haozhi Fan, Feng Zang, Mei Liu, Lingyun Zhuo, Jingjing Wu, Guoying Wu, Rongbin Yu, Jianrong Yang | | BMC Oral Health. 2020; 20(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 56 |
The Mismatch Repair System (MMR) in Head and Neck Carcinogenesis and Its Role in Modulating the Response to Immunotherapy: A Critical Review |
|
| Maria Cilona, Luca Giovanni Locatello, Luca Novelli, Oreste Gallo | | Cancers. 2020; 12(10): 3006 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 57 |
Selenium: A sole treatment for erosive oral lichen planus (Randomized controlled clinical trial) |
|
| Passant O. Qataya, Naguiba Mahmoud Elsayed, Nihal Mohamed Elguindy, Marwa Ahmed Hafiz, Wael Mahmoud Samy | | Oral Diseases. 2020; 26(4): 789 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 58 |
Frontal fibrosing alopecia and lichen planus pigmentosus: a case series |
|
| Diana Marcela Méndez, Claudia Marcela Arenas, Camilo Andrés Morales | | Revista de la Asociación Colombiana de Dermatología y Cirugía Dermatológica. 2020; 28(2): 176 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 59 |
Treatment of lichen planus-induced desquamative gingivitis |
|
| Malek Kotab, Maryam Jalili sadrabad, Sina Ebrahimi | | Koomesh Journal. 2020; 22(1): 198 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 60 |
Extended Erosive Oral Lichen Planus Treated with a very Low-Level Laser Therapy: A Case Report |
|
| Antonello Mameli, Martina Salvatorina Murgia, Germano Orrù, Cinzia Casu | | The Open Dentistry Journal. 2020; 14(1): 687 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 61 |
Clinicohistopathological study of oral lichen planus |
|
| Naseema Rashid, Najeeba Riyaz, Mampully Geetha | | Journal of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2020; 2: 52 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 62 |
Alteration of Streptococcus salivarius in Buccal Mucosa of Oral Lichen Planus and Controlled Clinical Trial in OLP Treatment |
|
| Yuting Li, Fangyang Shao, Saiwei Zheng, Zhengwu Tan, Yuan He | | Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins. 2020; 12(4): 1340 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 63 |
Could photodynamic therapy be utilized as a treatment modality for oral lichen planus? |
|
| Wafaa Saleh, Sara Tageldin, Eman Khashaba, Mahmoud Darwish, Sherif Elnagdy, Omar Khashaba | | Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy. 2020; 30: 101677 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 64 |
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: a promising approach for the management of oral lichen planus |
|
| Duo-Na Xia, Ya-Qin Tan, Jing-Ya Yang, Gang Zhou | | Inflammation Research. 2020; 69(10): 989 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 65 |
Oral lichen planus: A chronic inflammatory model to study the regulation of the Toll-like receptor signaling in oral keratinocytes |
|
| Yuliana Andrea Osorio-Osorno, Monica Tatiana Parada-Sanchez, Julian Camilo Arango, David Arboleda Toro | | Journal of Oral Biosciences. 2020; 62(2): 115 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 66 |
The expression of Cathepsin L in oral lichen planus |
|
| Athip Kitkhajornkiat, Sorasun Rungsiyanont, Sineepat Talungchit, Pimporn Jirawechwongsakul, Patrayu Taebunpakul | | Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research. 2020; 10(3): 281 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 67 |
Oral Lichen Planus-Associated Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma Is Associated With Improved Survival and Increased Risk of Recurrence |
|
| David L. Best, Curtis Herzog, Corey Powell, Thomas Braun, Brent B. Ward, Justine Moe | | Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2020; 78(7): 1193 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 68 |
Global Prevalence and Incidence Estimates of Oral Lichen Planus |
|
| Changchang Li, Xiaoqiong Tang, Xiaoyan Zheng, Shuqi Ge, Hao Wen, Xiaoqiong Lin, Zhiwei Chen, Liming Lu | | JAMA Dermatology. 2020; 156(2): 172 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 69 |
Aquaporin3 (AQP3) expression in oral epithelium in oral lichen planus |
|
| Farzaneh Agha-Hosseini, Hoda Barati, Mahdieh-Sadat Moosavi | | Experimental and Molecular Pathology. 2020; 115: 104441 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 70 |
Photodynamic therapy of oral lichen planus |
|
| Juliane Hesse, Andreas Schmalfuss, Sigrid. I. Kvaal | | Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 2020; 19(10): 1271 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 71 |
No detection of TSH or TSHR in oral lichen planus lesions in patients with or without hypothyroidism |
|
| Mari Vehviläinen, Abdelhakim Salem, Muhammad Yasir Asghar, Tuula Salo, Maria Siponen | | Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2020; 78(5): 337 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 72 |
Apremilast in dermatology: A review of literature |
|
| David Nassim, Ali Alajmi, Abdulhadi Jfri, Kevin Pehr | | Dermatologic Therapy. 2020; 33(6) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 73 |
Reporting frequency of potentially malignant oral disorders and oral cancer: A 10-year retrospective data analysis in a teaching dental institution |
|
| NamburuJ Ramya, PoosarlaC Shekar, BaddamV. Ramana Reddy | | Journal of Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences. 2020; 9(2): 124 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 74 |
Efficacy of herbal interventions in oral lichen planus: A systematic review |
|
| AshitaR Kalaskar, RahulR Bhowate, RiteshR Kalaskar, SheelpriyaR Walde, RachanaD Ramteke, PriyankaP Banode | | Contemporary Clinical Dentistry. 2020; 11(4): 311 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 75 |
Characterization of oral lichen planus in a subset of patients: A single-center experience |
|
| AzzaF Alhelo, SoulafaA Almazrooa, GhadaA Mansour, SanaA Alhamed, Sara Alfarabi, SaraK Akeel, NadaA Alhindi, Lujain Alsulaimani, ManalA Alamri, HaniH Mawardi | | Saudi Journal of Oral Sciences. 2020; 7(3): 199 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 76 |
Bullous lichen planus: Case report and review |
|
| Abhilesh Babu, Sreeja Chellaswamy, Sathish Muthukumar, Bhavna Pandey, Merlin Jayaraj, Serena Francis | | Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences. 2019; 11(6): 499 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 77 |
Oraler Lichen planus — eine interdisziplinäre Herausforderung |
|
| Sylvia Höller, Irène Hitz Lindenmüller | | ästhetische dermatologie & kosmetologie. 2019; 11(2): 32 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 78 |
Oral lichen planus. Current updates in the field of etiology and pathogenesis |
|
| Horia Lazarescu, Ioana Veronica Grajdeanu, Andrei Kozma, Bogdan ?erban, Ana Maria Alexandra Stanescu, Anca A. Simionescu, Agnes Katherine Lackner, Elena Popescu | | ORL.ro. 2019; 4(45): 15 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 79 |
Features of immune status in patients with various clinical forms of oral lichen planus |
|
| S. V. Chuykin, G. M. Akmalova, I. A. Mirsayapova, G. I. Ron, N. D. Chernysheva, R. M. Khairullina | | Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity. 2019; 9(1): 128 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 80 |
Role of modern imaging techniques for the in vivo diagnosis of lichen planus (Review) |
|
| Simona Iano?i, Ana Forsea, Mihai Lupu, Mihaela Ilie, Sabina Zurac, Daniel Boda, Gabriel Ianosi, Daniela Neagoe, Cristina Tutunaru, Cristina Popa, Constantin Caruntu | | Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 2018; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 81 |
Reduced miRNA-214 expression in oral mucosa contributes to the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus by targeting CD44 |
|
| Haiyan Zheng, Shaohui Li | | Molecular Medicine Reports. 2017; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 82 |
Looking Beyond the Cyclosporine “Swish and Spit” Technique in a Recalcitrant Case of Erosive Lichen Planus Involving the Tongue |
|
| Aastha Gupta, Kabir Sardana, Ram Kishan Gautam | | Case Reports in Dermatology. 2017; 9(3): 177 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 83 |
Retrospective Study on Clinical Efficacy of Cepharanthine for Oral Lichen Planus as Determined by the Multiple Institutes Collaborative Project |
|
| Yumiko SUGAWARA, Yoshinori JINBU, Takashi SASANO, Mikio KUSAMA, Yoshiyuki MORI, Yoshimasa KITAGAWA, Tetsu TAKAHASHI, Yoshiki SUGIYAMA, Masayuki FUKUDA, Hitoshi KAWAMATA, Toshiyuki SHIBATA, Takaaki UENO, Hiromitsu KISHIMOTO, Seiji IIDA, Norifumi NAKAMURA, Tsuyoshi SUGIURA | | Journal of Japanese Society of Oral Medicine. 2016; 22(2): 59 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
