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THERAPEUTIC ROUND |
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| Year : 2009 | Volume
: 54
| Issue : 4 | Page : 350-356 |
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| Efficacy and tolerability of cefditoren pivoxil in uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections in Indian patients |
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Charu Manaktala1, Amit Kumar Singh1, Manish Verma1, Asheesh Sachdeva1, Himanshu Sharma1, Arjun Roy1, RK Jalali1, R Gowrishankar1, A Kumar2, A Sainath Kumar3, AM Jayaraman4, B Swarnkar5, CR Srinivas6, Chitra Nayak7, D Duttaroy8, D Umrigar9, Madhuri Jesudanam10, N Maheshwari11, P Shetty12, RP Singh13, S Ghate14, S Sacchidanand15, S Tolat16, Salman Bhoira17, Y Marfatia18
1 Medical Affairs and Clinical Research, Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd, 77-B, IFFCO Road, Sector-18, Udyog Vihar Industrial Area, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
2 Department of Dermatology, Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences, Naketpally, Nalgonda, India
3 Princess Esra Hospital, Hyderabad, India
4 Department of Dermatology, Stanley Govt Hospital, Chennai, India
5 Anand Bazar Main Road, Indore, India
6 Department of Dermatology, PSG Hospitals, Coimbatore, India
7 BYL Nair Charitable Hospital & TNMC, Mumbai, India
8 Department of Surgery, Govt. Medical College & Shri Sayajirao General Hospital, Vadodara, India
9 Department of Dermatology and STD, GMC and New Civil Hospital, Surat, India
10 Flora Apartments, Besides Almond House, Road No. 3, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India
11 Hari Clinic, 3/95, Kamal Kunj, Vikas Nagar, Lucknow, India
12 Raghu Skin Clinic, Suvarna Complex, Karver Road, Kothrud, Pune, India
13 Department of Dermatology, Govt. Medical College, Nagpur, India
14 Foundation for Medical Research, Near Flora Dinning Restaurant, Worli Sea Face, Mumbai, India
15 Department of Skin & STD, Victoria Hospital, Bangalore Medical College, Bangalore, India
16 Skin & VD, Shangrila Garden, Bund Garden Corner, Pune, India
17 Dr. Shaukat's Nursing Home, Natawala Building, Cadell Road, Mahim (W), Mumbai, India
18 Department. of Skin & VD, Medical College & SSG Hospital, Vadodara, India
| Date of Web Publication | 5-Nov-2009 |
Correspondence Address:
Charu Manaktala
Medical Affairs and Clinical Research, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, 77B, IFFCO Road, Sector 18, Udyog Vihar Industrial Area, Gurgaon, Haryana - 122 015
India
 Source of Support: Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd, India., Conflict of Interest: Cefdinir used in the study is manufactured by Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd, one of the authors (CM) is full time employee of Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd.  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.57612
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 Abstract | | |
Background: Uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections (uSSSI) are commonly encountered community-acquired infections and are typically confined to the superficial layers of the skin. Hence, they seldom lead to the destruction of skin structures. Aims: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of cefditoren pivoxil in uSSSI in Indian patients. Methods: One hundred and seventy-eight patients diagnosed with uncomplicated SSSI were enrolled in this randomized, comparative, multicentric study. Patients received either cefditoren pivoxil or cefdinir for ten days. Efficacy was assessed both clinically and microbiologically. Safety evaluation consisted of reporting of type, frequency, severity, and causal relationship of adverse events. Results: One hundred and fifty-one patients completed the study. Clinical and bacteriological efficacy of cefditoren pivoxil was comparable to that of cefdinir in the treatment of uSSSI. One hundred and five patients were eligible for per protocol (PP) analysis of bacteriological outcome and clinical efficacy. Clinical cure or improvement was achieved in 98.00% patients treated with cefditoren pivoxil and 98.18% patients treated with cefdinir. In the modified Intent to Treat (mITT) patient population, clinical cure or improvement was recorded in 97.33% patients treated with cefditoren pivoxil and 96.20% patients treated with cefdinir. Microbiological eradication (or presumed eradication) was recorded in 88.00% patients treated with cefditoren pivoxil and 94.55% patients treated with cefdinir. The above differences in the outcome rates between the two drugs were not statistically significant. Six adverse events (AEs) (two in cefditoren group and four in cefdinir group) were reported in this study. Conclusion: Cefditoren pivoxil 200 mg b.i.d. was effective and well tolerated in the treatment of uSSSI.
Keywords: Cefditoren pivoxil, uncomplicated skin and skin structure infection, uSSSI
How to cite this article:
Manaktala C, Singh AK, Verma M, Sachdeva A, Sharma H, Roy A, Jalali R K, Gowrishankar R, Kumar A, Kumar A S, Jayaraman A M, Swarnkar B, Srinivas C R, Nayak C, Duttaroy D, Umrigar D, Jesudanam M, Maheshwari N, Shetty P, Singh R P, Ghate S, Sacchidanand S, Tolat S, Bhoira S, Marfatia Y. Efficacy and tolerability of cefditoren pivoxil in uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections in Indian patients. Indian J Dermatol 2009;54:350-6 |
How to cite this URL:
Manaktala C, Singh AK, Verma M, Sachdeva A, Sharma H, Roy A, Jalali R K, Gowrishankar R, Kumar A, Kumar A S, Jayaraman A M, Swarnkar B, Srinivas C R, Nayak C, Duttaroy D, Umrigar D, Jesudanam M, Maheshwari N, Shetty P, Singh R P, Ghate S, Sacchidanand S, Tolat S, Bhoira S, Marfatia Y. Efficacy and tolerability of cefditoren pivoxil in uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections in Indian patients. Indian J Dermatol [serial online] 2009 [cited 2023 Jun 9];54:350-6. Available from: https://www.e-ijd.org/text.asp?2009/54/4/350/57612 |
| Introduction | |  |
Uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections (uSSSI) are commonly encountered community-acquired infections. The majority of uSSSIs are caused by aerobic Gram-positive cocci, specifically Staphylococci and Streptococci. [1] As these infections are typically confined to the superficial layers and seldom lead to the destruction of skin structures and resultant systemic dissemination, they can be treated with an oral antibiotic with potent microbiologic activity against Gram-positive pathogens. Cefditoren pivoxil is a third-generation, oral cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity covering pathogens that are commonly implicated in uSSSI. [2] It is active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and is stable to hydrolysis by many common ί-lactamases (e.g., TEM-1, ROB-1, SHV-1, SHV-3, SHV-10, OXA-5, OXA-12, PSE-1, PSE-2, PSE-3, PSE-4, SAR-1, HMS-1, CARB-4, LCR-1, TLE-1, and OHIO-1). In addition to the cephem nucleus common to all cephalosporins, cefditoren possesses a methylthiazolyl group that makes the drug active against Gram-positive organisms. [3] In vitro studies conducted in Europe, Japan, and USA have demonstrated that cefditoren is active against clinically relevant Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. MIC 90 values for cefditoren against methicillin-sensitive. aureus ranged from 0.5 to 1 mg/L, and were similar to those seen with cefuroxime and cefdinir. However, MIC 90 values for cefditoren were lower than those for cefpodoxime (2 to >4 mg/L), cefaclor (4-8 mg/L), and cefixime (>4-8 mg/L). The oral bioavailability of cefditoren pivoxil is 50-70% in the fed state, and the drug is well tolerated; the most common side effects observed in clinical trials were diarrhea and nausea. [3] The purpose of the present study was to compare the clinical cure rates, bacteriological eradication rates, safety, and tolerability of cefditoren pivoxil (200 mg b.i.d.) vs. cefdinir (300 mg b.i.d.) in Indian patients with uSSSI.
| Materials and Methods | | |
This was a randomized, comparative, open-label, multicentric study in which 178 patients were enrolled across 17 centers in India. These patients were randomized to ten days of treatment with cefditoren 200 mg tablets (test drug) or cefdinir 300 mg capsules (reference drug) (manufactured by Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd. India) b.i.d. Randomization was stratified centerwise and the schedule was prepared by using the PROC PLAN of SAS; system version 8.2 for windows (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, U.S.A.). The protocol was approved by the Ethics committees of the Institutions. The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was consistent with the principles of Good Clinical Practice. Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants.
Inclusion criteria
Patients included in the study were outpatients of either sex, ≥18 years of age, with acute onset (<3 weeks duration) uncomplicated skin, skin structure, or soft tissue infection evidenced by erythema, swelling, pain, drainage, or other clinical signs. The uncomplicated skin, skin structure or soft tissue infection constituted any of the following: simple abscesses, impetiginous lesions, furunculosis, cellulitis, erysipelas, folliculitis, paronychia, traumatic, or postsurgical superficial wound infection. All patients were to have a microbiological specimen (infected material) obtained from the skin lesion(s) prior to the initiation of therapy.
Exclusion criteria
Patients with a history of hypersensitivity to cefditoren pivoxil, cefdinir, penicillin, or the cephalosporin group of antibiotics; chronic/underlying skin condition at the site of infection involving prosthetic material; secondarily infected atopic dermatitis, eczema, thermal injury or acne vulgaris; solitary furuncle; skin and soft tissue infection with suspected or proven contiguous bone, nail bed and scalp involvement; requiring treatment with other systemic antibacterial drugs; clinically significant renal, hepatic, cardiac, hematological, gastrointestinal, or neurological disorder; abnormal laboratory values at the time of admission into the study: serum creatinine > 1.2 mg/dL, SGOT or SGPT > 1.5 times the upper limit of normal values, alkaline phosphatase or serum bilirubin > 1.2 times the upper limit of normal; and unstable concomitant disease or underlying conditions compromising the ability to respond to a bacterial infection, were excluded from the study.
Pregnant or breast-feeding women or women in the reproductive age group and not using reliable contraception, i.e., a medically accepted effective method of birth control; patients who had received antimicrobial therapy in the last 72 hours prior to enrollment; patients receiving antacids, iron supplements, H2-receptor antagonists and probenecid; patients who had participated in any other investigational study in the last one month; patients unwilling to give informed consent or unable to comply with study procedures; and patients who had been previously enrolled in the study, were also excluded from the study.
Patients made three clinic visits during the trial: on entry into the study (Day 0 or Visit 1), after three days of treatment (Day 3 or Visit 2), and after completion of therapy (Day 10-12 or Visit 3). Apart from assessments, specific signs and symptoms evaluated included fever, chills, malaise, pruritus, pain at the site of lesion(s), erythema around the lesion(s), induration, tenderness, regional lymphadenopathy, number of lesions, diameter of the largest lesion, ulceration of lesion(s), discharge from lesion(s), and crust/scab formation over the lesion(s). Material was obtained for bacterial culture from the skin lesion(s) by either needle aspiration or with a sterile swab. Swab specimens were obtained directly from the draining lesion in order to minimize contamination with uninvolved skin flora. Interventions such as incision and drainage of an abscess, daily debridements, or dressing changes were allowed at the discretion of the investigator. However, no local antimicrobials were allowed.
Specific signs and symptoms were evaluated on Visit 2 (Day 3) and on Visit 3 (Day 10-12) in a similar manner as at Visit 1. In addition, healing of lesions and appearance of new lesions, if any, were recorded at Visits 2 and 3. Microbiological evaluation was repeated at the end of study, if an appropriate site to culture was available.
The primary efficacy measure was clinical outcome that was based on clinical assessments at the end-of-treatment visit in the population that was clinically evaluable for efficacy. Two types of population were defined for clinical evaluation of efficacy: Per Protocol (PP) and modified Intent to Treat (mITT).
Per Protocol clinically evaluable patient population: These were patients who met inclusion/exclusion criteria; did not receive concomitant antimicrobial therapy; had documented evidence of infection with a bacterial pathogen, susceptible to study medication at baseline; and who complied with the dosing regimen or at least received three full days of therapy for patients deemed to be failing while on therapy. In patients who were withdrawn from the study as therapeutic failures, data from the clinical and microbiological assessments that were performed at the time of withdrawal were carried forward to the end-of-treatment visit.
Modified Intent to Treat clinically evaluable patient population: These were patients included in the per- protocol analysis and those who were culture-negative or had pathogen(s) resistant to study medication at baseline.
The clinical outcome was classified as follows:
Clinical cure
Total resolution of all signs and symptoms of the infection and associated with complete healing of lesions (i.e., lesions disappear or are completely dry).
Clinical improvement
Resolution of most of the signs and symptoms of infection associated with incomplete healing of lesions (i.e., lesions are either less extensive or only some lesions have dried) and no further antimicrobial therapy is necessary.
Clinical failure
No improvement of clinical symptoms or lesions.
The secondary efficacy measure was microbiological outcome. To be considered microbiologically evaluable, patients had to be clinically evaluable (as described above) and show growth of pathogens on an adequate pre-treatment culture; repeat culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were done (if an appropriate site to culture was available) and the pathogen(s) was susceptible to the study medication at baseline.
Microbiological outcome was classified as follows:
Eradication
No growth of the pre-treatment pathogen on a post-therapy culture.
Presumed eradication
A post-therapy culture was not obtained due to lack of culturable material, secondary to an adequate clinical response.
Failure
Lack of eradication of the initial pathogen for a subsequent culture at the end of treatment.
Super infection
Eradication of the initial pathogen plus the isolation of one or more new pathogens at the end of treatment.
Safety evaluation was done for all the patients recruited into the study and consisted of reporting of type, frequency, severity, and causal relationship of adverse events.
Analyses of data
Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's Exact test for clinical and microbiological outcomes. In addition, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) of the mean difference of Test drug - Reference drug (T - R) was calculated. The proportion of patients with clinical cure or clinical improvement and the proportion of patients with bacteriological eradication or presumed eradication and adverse events have been reported. Clinical outcome has been reported for both Per Protocol (PP) and Modified Intention-To-Treat (mITT) patient populations.
| Results | | |
Disposition of patients
Of the 178 patients enrolled, 125 (70.22%) were male and 53 (29.78%) were female. Their mean age was 34.43 ± 13.49 years (range: 16 to 80 years). The demographic characteristics of the patients enrolled are presented in [Table 1]. All patients enrolled in this study were issued study medication (either cefditoren pivoxil or cefdinir) and were evaluable for safety. Of the 178 patients enrolled, 151 patients who completed the study and three patients who were withdrawn at Visit 2 for lack of clinical efficacy, were included in the mITT analysis of clinical outcome. Of the mITT population, 105 patients were eligible for PP analysis of clinical and bacteriological outcomes.
Diagnoses and lesion characteristics at study entry
The demographic characteristics, diagnoses and the lesion characteristics at study entry were comparable across the two treatment groups. The majority of the infections were spontaneous [Table 2]. Furunculosis, simple abscess and folliculitis were the most common diagnoses in the patients enrolled in this study [Table 3]. All patients had superficial involvement of skin and skin structures.
Signs and symptoms at study entry in patients evaluable for efficacy
Signs and symptoms at study entry are presented in [Table 4] and [Table 5]. Pain at the site of lesion(s), erythema, tenderness and discharge from lesions were the most frequent signs and symptoms.
Bacteria isolated at study admission
All but two of the 178 patients had their lesion exudates cultured at study entry. Culture was negative in 18 patients (10.11%). Staphylococci were the most commonly isolated pathogens [Table 6].
Efficacy
The efficacy data, as measured by clinical and bacteriological outcomes at the end of treatment, are presented in [Table 7],[Table 8],[Table 9] and [Figure 1],[Figure 2],[Figure 3]. In the mITT population, clinical cure or improvement was achieved in 73 of 75 patients (97.33%) treated with cefditoren pivoxil and 76 of 79 patients (96.20%) treated with cefdinir (P = 1.0000) [Table 7]. The mean difference and 95% CI for (T - R) was 1.13% (95% CI - 4.44 + 6.70%). In the patients evaluable for PP analysis of clinical outcome, clinical cure or improvement was achieved in 49 of 50 patients (98.00%) treated with cefditoren pivoxil and 54 of 55 patients (98.18%) treated with cefdinir (P = 1.0000) [Table 8]. The mean difference and 95% CI for (T - R) was - 0.18% (95% CI - 5.43 + 5.06%). Microbiological eradication or presumed eradication was achieved in 44 of 50 patients (88.00%) treated with cefditoren pivoxil and 52 of 55 patients (94.55%) treated with cefdinir (P = 0.3038) [Table 9]. The mean difference and 95% CI for (T - R) was - 8.3% (95% CI - 18.62 + 2.02%). The above differences in both the clinical and microbiological outcome rates between the two drugs were not statistically significant (Fisher's Exact test).
Improvement in signs and symptoms
Changes in the clinical signs and symptoms at the end of treatment (Visit 3) are shown in [Table 10] (mITT population) and [Table 11] (PP population). Signs and symptoms at the end of treatment, i.e., day 10-12 (Visit 3) showed marked improvement in patients on both cefditoren pivoxil and cefdinir.
Safety
All the patients recruited into the study were evaluable for safety; six adverse events were reported (two in the cefditoren group and four in the cefdinir group) in three patients (1.69%). Nausea was reported in three patients. Two of these patients also had diarrhea; and one had abdominal pain as well. These AEs were mild to moderate in intensity and resolved without any sequelae. No serious adverse event occurred in this study. Causal relationship was judged as possible by the investigators. No patients were withdrawn from the study due to adverse events.
| Discussion | | |
The present study is the first one performed to assess the clinical efficacy of cefditoren pivoxil in Indian patients with uSSSI. In the present study, 49 of 50 patients (98.00%) treated with cefditoren pivoxil and 54 of 55 patients (98.18%) treated with cefdinir (P = 1.0000) achieved clinical cure or clinical improvement (PP population). Bacteriological cure (eradication and presumed eradication) was achieved in 88.00% patients treated with cefditoren pivoxil and 94.55% patients treated with cefdinir. In the mITT population 97.33% patients treated with cefditoren pivoxil and 96.20% patients treated with cefdinir achieved clinical cure or clinical improvement. The differences in clinical and bacteriological outcomes between cefditoren pivoxil and cefdinir were not statistically significant (Fisher's Exact test). The most commonly observed adverse events (AEs) in this study were nausea and diarrhea, which resolved without therapy discontinuation or any sequelae. The results of the present study are similar to the results reported in published clinical studies where cefditoren pivoxil was compared with cefuroxime axetil and cefadroxil. [1],[3]
| Conclusion | | |
Cefditoren pivoxil 200 mg b.i.d. is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of uSSSI in Indian patients. Clinical and bacteriological efficacy of cefditoren pivoxil in the treatment of uSSSI was comparable to that of cefdinir.
| References | | |
| 1. | Bucko AD, Hunt BJ, Kidd SL, Hom R. Randomized, double-blind, multicenter comparison of oral cefditoren 200 or 400 mg BID with either cefuroxime 250 mg BID or cefadroxil 500 mg BID for the treatment of uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections. Clin Ther. 2002;24:1134-47.  |
| 2. | Darkes MJM, Plosker GL. Cefditoren pivoxil. Drugs 2002;62:319-36. |
| 3. | Wellington K, Curran MP. Cefditoren pivoxil: A review of its use in the treatment of bacterial infections. Drugs 2004;64:2597-618. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6], [Table 7], [Table 8], [Table 9], [Table 10], [Table 11] |
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